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. 2018 Aug 10;8:12001. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30480-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of the Experiment. Targeting the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), each of the two days started with the application of either continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) or intermediate (im)TBS (order counterbalanced across participants). In the following Induction and Experimental Blocks, the Rubber Hand Illusion was induced as a consequence of synchronous as compared to asynchronous stroking. The successful induction of the illusion was qualified by proprioceptive measurements prior and after the each block and by an ownership questionnaire after them. In the Experimental Block, participants observed abductions of a model’s right index finger that was illusorily attributed to themselves in the synchronous condition or to the model after asynchronous stroking. At the same time, spTMS-induced MEPs from the right index and the little (i.e., control) finger were recorded. This setup allowed to investigate the modulations of the observer’s motor cortex associated with the observation of actions attributed to the self or to another individual.