Fig. 1.
Deep supercooling of pure water enabled by surface sealing with oils. a Cumulative freezing frequency (ff) for 1 ml water at −13 °C over 7-day deep supercooling (DSC), without sealing (W/O seal), with surface sealing by light mineral oil (MO), olive oil (OO), heavy paraffin oil (PO), and nutmeg oil (NO). Number of independent experiments n = 6, number of total tested samples for each case N = 56. NS: p > 0 .05; *0.005 < p < 0.05; **1.0 × 10−6 < p < 0.005, ***p < 1.0 × 10−6. b Corresponding samples of (a) post 1-day storage. c ff of DSC water of various volumes post 1-day storage at −13 and −16 °C. n = 7, N = 272, 145, 336, 123, and 125 for 3, 30, 200, 1000, and 10000 μl water, respectively. d ff of 100,000 μl water with different sealing oils and temperatures post 1-day storage, n = 7, N = 35. Error bars represent standard deviations