Fig. 3. Changes in intra- and inter-network functional connectivity (FC) of the attentional networks related to behavioral improvement in ADHD after the BCI-based intervention.

a Brain slices highlight the major intrinsic connectivity networks and subcortical regions³⁸. b Intra- and inter-network FC showed significant group and time interaction effect (p < 0.05). Error bars represent standard errors. ADHD-NI group had increased FC within the salience/ventral attentional network (SVN) and between the SVN with dorsal attention (DAN) and other networks while ADHD-I did not exhibit this pattern. c, d FC changes of the intra-SVN and the inter-network between SVN and DAN by the BCI-based intervention were correlated with the behavior improvement of internalizing problems in ADHD children. SalVenAttn: salience/ventral attention network, DorAttn: dorsal attention network, SomMot: somatomotor network, Cont: executive control network