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. 2018 Aug 10;9:3207. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05671-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated on large substrates. a The measured external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) vs. scatterance (S) of OLEDs with SiO₂-based (asymmetry parameter (g) = 0.91) and TiO₂-based (g = 0.68) scattering layers. The color-matched dotted lines indicate LightTools simulation results that reflect the actual geometry (Type A) used for EQE-S trend study. b Device test structures used to mimic a large-area device with a small, lab-scale active area. Type A uses a small substrate so that one can make several samples at the same time for studying the overall trend over certain variables. Type B uses a large substrate to explore the ultimate light extraction achievable via external scattering. Photographs of OLEDs (Type B) are also shown for both SiO₂-based (S = 7.1) and TiO₂-based (S = 2.0) OLEDs (scale bar: 5 mm). c−e Device characteristics of Type B champion OLEDs