Table 1.
Main results on depression
| First author Year | Methodology (n) | Main results |
|---|---|---|
| Gallais B [5] 2015 | Apathy: LARS; | Apathy: DM1 : 39.50%; FSHD: 21.10%; Healthy: 0% |
| Depression: MADRS; | Major Depression Episode: DM1 : 23.70%; | |
| Psychopathology: MINI | FSHD: 5.30%; Healthy: 0% | |
| DM1 (38), FSHD (19), Healthy (20) | ||
| Peric Sa [16] 2014 | Depression: HamD | Depression scores higher than 17 : 16% |
| DM1 (66) | ||
| Peric Sb [33] 2014 | Psychopathology: MCMI-II | One psychopathological scale elevated (n = 41): 66.10% |
| DM1 (66) | Anxiety scale (most common): 54.80% | |
| Rakocevic- Stojanovic V [11] 2014 | Depression and anxiety: HamD and HamA; | Depressiveness: 20%; Anxiety: 16% |
| Fatigue: DSS; FSS; | Quality of life associated with fatigue, mood impairments, | |
| Quality of life: INQoL | excessive daytime sleepiness | |
| DM1 (44) | ||
| Peric S [34] 2013 | Depression: Ham-D | Both physical and mental quality of life domains are impaired |
| Quality of life: SF-36 | Poorer quality of life: depressed, elder patients, with poor | |
| Acceptance of illness: AIS | acceptance of illness | |
| DM1 (120) | ||
| Kobayakawa M 2012[23] | Depression: SDS | DM1 patients: no fatigue nor apathy symptoms |
| DM1 (9), Healthy (12) | Depression scores higher in DM1 group | |
| Rose MR [26] 2012 | Depression and anxiety: HADS | Depression and anxiety: no significant difference between the groups |
| Quality of life: SF-36, INQoL | All the SF-36 domains are negatively impacted | |
| Muscle disease (302 including 79 DM) | Depression impacted “Fatigue”, “Social” and “Emotional domains of the INQoL | |
| Graham CD [35] 2011 | Review of literature | Mood: strongly correlated with quality of life |
| Fatigue and sleep: correlated with poor quality of life and physical functioning | ||
| Pain: correlated with psychosocial and physical domains of quality of life | ||
| Boyer FC [18] 2011 | Depression and anxiety: HADS | Anxiety: 17.10% (n = 6); |
| DM1 (35) | Depression: 11.40% (n = 4) | |
| Minnerop M [12] 2011 | Depression: BDI | Mild depression: 32% |
| DM1 (22) | ||
| Kierkegaard M [21] 2011 | Depression and anxiety: HADS; | No clinical depression |
| Fatigue: ESS; FSS | No association between severity of muscular impairment, daytime | |
| DM1 (70) | sleepiness, fatigue, depression, and anxiety | |
| Peric S [17] 2010 | Depression and anxiety: HamD and HamA | Moderate depression: DM1 : 51%; SLA: 3% |
| Quality of life: SF-36 | Anxiety: DM1 : 38%; SLA: 4% | |
| DM1 (79), SLA(74) | Quality of life: similar results expect for bodily pain (DM1 higher than SLA) | |
| Winblad S [13] 2010 | Depression: BDI | Mild depression: 32% |
| DM1 (31) | ||
| Timman R [14] 2010 | Depression and anxiety: HADS | Moderate depression: DM1 : 14%; Partners: 16% |
| DM1 (69), Partners (69) | ||
| Pais-Ribeiro J [19] | Depression and anxiety: HADS | Anxiety: 16.70%; |
| 2007 | DM1 (18) | Moderate depression: 11.10% |
| Antonini G [15] 2006 | Depression and anxiety: HamD and HamA; STAI; | DM1: Mild depression: 50%; Anxiety: 40% |
| Quality of life: SF-36 | Health related quality of life: DM1 lower than Healthy | |
| DM1 (20), Healthy (20) | DM1’s quality of life was correlated with physical disability and changes in respiratory functions | |
| Phillips MF [25] 1999 | Depression and anxiety: BDI; HADS | Depression: DM1 higher than CMT &Healthy |
| DM1 (35), CMT (13), Healthy (16) | Anxiety: no significant difference | |
| Rubinsztein JS [6] | Psychopathology: SADS-L; | Major Depression Episode: 5.60% 1998 |
| Apathy: AES; | High apathy levels cannot be explained by clinical depression. | |
| Fatigue: Fatigue questionnaire | No correlation between apathy and hypersomnolence | |
| DM1 (36) | ||
| Bungener C [7] 1998 | Depression and anxiety: SCID; MADRS; HAM-D, Covi and Tyrer anxiety scales; | Major Depression Episode: DM1 : 6.70%; FSHD: 0%; Healthy: 0% |
| Emotional blunting: AT; | Anxiety: none | |
| Anhedonia: PAS and SAS | Emotional blunting and anhedonia: DM1 higher than FSHD (n = 11) | |
| DM1 (15), FSHD (14), Healthy (14) | &Healthy | |
| Bungener C [8] 1996 | Depression and anxiety: DSM III R (Mood Disorders); MADRS; HDRS; Covi and Tyrer anxiety scales; Jouvent depression scale; | Major Depressive Episode: DM1 : 6.70% (n = 1); FSHD: 16.70% (n = 2); Healthy: 0% |
| Emotional blunting: AT | ||
| DM1 (15), FSHD (12), Healthy (14) | ||
| Palmer BW [22] 1994 | Psychopathology: MCMI-II | Anxiety: 46%; Dysthymia: 31% |
| DM1 (21) | ||
| Colombo G [9] 1992 | Depression and anxiety: SADS; SRT | DM1 : 65% reduced interest in vocational activities |
| DM1 (40), Healthy (20) | Depressive disorder: DM1 : 17.50% (1 Major, 5 Minor, 1 Chronic); Healthy: 10 % (2 Minor) | |
| Anxiety disorder: DM1 : 10% (3 Panic, 1 Generalized); Healthy: 0% | ||
| Cuthill J [20] 1988 | Depression and anxiety: HamD and HamA; SDS | Moderate depressive symptomatology: 15.40% (n = 2) |
| DM1 (13) | Anxiety: 15.40% (n = 2) | |
| Brumback RA [29] 1987 | Depression: criteria for DSM-III Major Depressive DisorderPersonality: MMPI DM1(16) | Dysphoria: 93.75%; Sleep Disturbance: (i) Terminal Insomnia: 100%, (ii) Hypersomnia: 25%; Fatigue/low energy: 81.25%; Lack of interest or pleasure: 75%; Appetite disturbance: 62.50%; Slowed thinking: 50%; Diurnal mood variation, Psychomotor retardation: 43.75%; Other symptoms were found in less than 40% Depression: 50% |
| Duveneck MJ [24] 1986 | Personality: MMPI(Depression and Ego Strength scales); IPAT (Depression, Suicide Probability and Hopelessness scales) | Depression: DM1 &LSG higher than Paraplegic &Healthy |
| DM1 (27), LSG (11), Paraplegic (17), Healthy (27) |
Note: For more clarity, we did not develop all results. AES = Apathy Evaluation Scale; AIS = Acceptance of Illness Scale; AT = Abrams and Taylor scale for emotional blunting; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CL = Cantril’s Ladder; CMT = Charcot-Marie-Tooth; DM = Myotonic Dystrophy; DM1 = Myotonic Dystrophy type 1; DSS = Daytime Sleepiness Scale; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FSHD = Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy; FSS = Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HamA = Hamilton scale for anxiety; HamD = Hamilton scale for depression; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HRQoL = Health-Related Quality of Life; INQoL = Individualized Neuromuscular Quality of Life Questionnaire; IPAT = Institute for Personality and Ability Testing; KT = Kaasas Test; LARS = Lille Apathy Rating Scale; LSG = Limb-girdle Syndrome; MADRS = Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MCMI-II = Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory; MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview; MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; OQoL = Overall Quality of Life; PAS and SAS = Questionnaires for physical and social anhedonia; SADS-L = Schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia-Lifetime version; SCID = DSM III-R semi-structured interview; SDS: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; SF-36 = 36-item Short Form Health Survey; SLA = Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; SRT = Symptom Rating Test; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; WB = Well-being.