Schematics (not to scale) of multiplexed patterning of three pre-functionalized thiols (i.e., pre-functionalized with L-DOPA, L-DOPS, or L-5-HTP). After pre-functionalized thiol self-assembly, substrates were backfilled with TEG (blue) to minimize non-specific binding. A new microfluidic device was sealed over all three molecules at a 90° angle to the initial channel orientation and an aptamer concentration gradient was incubated across the different channels of each substrate. This enabled simultaneous Kd determinations for all three tethered targets. The structures of pre-functionalized L-DOPA, L-DOPS, and L-5-HTP are shown on the top right.