. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2017 Oct 18;31(3):509–527. doi: 10.1177/0898264317736846

Table 3.

Poisson Regression Models With Robust Error Variance for Poor Physical Performance According to Study Site, Sex, and Full Sample Combined.

	Kingston (N = 396)		St. Hyacinthe (N = 401)		Tirana (N = 392)		Manizales (N = 407)		Natal (N = 402)		Male (N = 953)		Female (N = 1,045)		Combined (N = 1,998)
SPPB < 8^d	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI	PRR	95% CI
Sex
Male	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00						1.00
Female	0.95	[0.46, 1.95]	1.56	[0.68, 3.57]	2.30^*	[1.48, 3.55]	1.64	[0.92, 2.93]	1.61^*	[1.10, 2.35]					1.66^*	[1.31, 2.10]
Age
64–69	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
70–75	2.04	[0.91, 4.59]	1.41	[0.65, 3.06]	1.33	[0.92, 1.94]	1.69	[0.98, 2.92]	1.44^*	[1.00, 2.08]	1.43	[0.95, 1.23]	1.48^*	[1.14, 1.92]	1.48^*	[1.19, 1.84]
Education^b
Low	1.04	[0.43, 2.56]	1.67	[0.58, 4.78]	2.06^*	[1.05, 4.06]	2.19	[0.95, 5.03]	l.l 1	[0.69, 1.79]	1.35	[0.82, 2.25]	1.61^*	[1.07, 2.42]	1.47^*	[1.08, 2.00]
Medium	0.81	[0.28, 2.34]	1.20	[0.36, 3.95]	1.98^*	[1.02, 3.87]	1.75	[0.73, 4.19]	0.92	[0.56, 1.51]	1.23	[0.75, 2.01]	1.32	[0.86, 2.03]	1.25	[0.90, 1.72]
High	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Economic adversity transition^a,c
Severe	3.65^*	[1.01, 13.26]	6.06^*	[2.03, 18.10]	2.14^*	[1.22, 3.76]	1.49	[0.59], 3.73	1.05	[0.62, 1.80]	1.20	[0.69, 2.09]	2.80^*	[1.70, 4.61]	1.91^*	[1.33, 2.75]
Worsened	4.86^*	[1.08, 21.91]	4.29^*	[1.03, 17.78]	0.91	[0.44, 1.85]	1.72	[0.71, 4.19]	0.96	[0.51, 1.81]	0.57	[0.25, 1.32]	2.40^*	[1.41, 4.09]	1.47	[0.99, 2.20]
Improved	1.34	[0.58, 3.09]	2.69^*	[1.10, 6.57]	1.06	[0.52, 1.13]	1.18	[0.34, 3.99]	0.92	[0.52, 1.65]	0.89	[0.53, 1.48]	1.82^*	[1.1 1, 3.01]	1.31	[0.91, 1.88]
No adversity	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Site location
Kingston											1.00		1.00		1.00
St. Hyacinthe											0.74	[0.32, 1.72]	1.12	[0.57, 2.18]	0.99	[0.58, 1.68]
Tirana											1.72	[0.82, 1.58]	2.62^*	[1.46, 4.72]	2.30^*	[1.45, 3.66]
Manizales											1.23	[0.57, 2.66]	1.31	[0.68, 2.52]	1.28	[0.77, 2.13]
Natal											2.45^*	[1.21, 4.92]	2.38^*	[1.32, 4.31]	2.46^*	[1.53, 3.93]

Note. CI = confidence interval.

Missing values: Economic adversity transition (n = 44), SPPB (n = 4).

Education calculated from total years of education categorized by site-specific tertiles.

No adversity = not having experienced any childhood and older adulthood economic adversity, improved = having experienced any childhood economic adversity and not having experienced older adulthood economic adversity, worsened = not having experienced any childhood economic adversity and having experienced any older adulthood economic adversity, severe = having experienced both any childhood economic adversity and older adulthood economic adversity.

SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB test scores of less than 8 is considered low or limited physical performance.

p < .05.