Table 1. Incidence and prevalence of depression in CHF elderly patients and vice versa.

Citations	Year	Type of study	Age mean	Tools	Outcomes	Results
Tresch, et al.[9]	1985	Comparative	73.3 ± 8.7	DSM-III criteria	Prevalence	CHF is common in patients with major depression
Cacciatore, et al.[10]	1998	Observational	73.9 ± 6.2	GDS	Prevalence	Depression is more prevalent in CHF than in no-CHF elderly patients
Koenig HG[11]	1998	Prospective	70.2	CES-D	Prevalence	Depression has higher prevalence in CHF patients
Abramson, et al.[12]	2001	Prospective	72.2	CES-D	Prevalence	Depression increases the risk of CHF among older persons with isolated systolic hypertension
Williams, et al.[13]	2002	Prospective	74.8	CES-D	Incidence	Depression increases CHF in women but not elderly men
Yu, et al.[14]	2004	Observational	77.1 ± 7.9	HADS	Prevalence	Depression is more prevalent in CHF elderly patients and correlates with lower social support
Gottlieb, et al.[15]	2004	Descriptive	64 ± 12	BDI	Prevalence	Depression is common in patients with CHF
Lesman-Leegtel, et al.[16]	2006	Observational	71 ± 12	CES-D	Prevalence	Depressive symptoms are prominent in hospitalized, elderly CHF patients, especially women
Guallar-Castillón, et al.[17]	2006	Observational	77.4 ± 6.8	GDS	Prevalence	Depression has high prevalence in CHF patients
Hägglund, et al.[18]	2008	Descriptive	77.7 ± 8.7	GDS	Prevalence	Depression is more prevalent in CHF patients
Luijendijk, et al.[19]	2010	Cohort study	70.0 ± 8.3	CES-D	Incidence	CHF increases the incidence of depression

BDI: beck depression inventory; CES-D: center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; CHF: chronic heart failure; DSM: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; GDS: geriatric depression scale; HADS: hospital anxiety and depression scale.