Table 2. Depression worsens clinical outcomes in elderly patients with CHF.

Citations	Year	Type of study	Mean age, yrs	Tools	Outcomes	Results
Skotzko, et al.[37]	2000	Comparative	64 ± 11	CES-D	Physical functioning and functional ability	Depression worsens physical functioning and reduces the perception of functional ability
Sullivan, et al.[46]	2004	Prospective	75.0 ± 9.7	HDRS	Health status	Depression worsens health status of elderly CHF patients
Guallar-Castillón, et al.[17]	2006	Observational	77.4 ± 6.8	GDS	Prognosis	Depression worsens prognosis in CHF patients
Ahmed, et al.[47]	2006	Observational	78.9 ± 7.6	ICD-9	Nursing home admission	Depression increases the risk of nursing home admission in HF elderly patients
Johansson, et al.[48]	2007	Prospective	73 ± 5.6	MHI-5	Mortality	Depression increases mortality in HF elderly patients
Macchia, et al.[49]	2008	Prospective	79.02	Exposure to antidepressants	Mortality	Depression impairs survival in elderly patients with HF
Lesman-LeegteI, et al.[50]	2009	Observational	72 ± 9	CES-D	QoL	HF worsens HRQoL and is associated to depressive symptoms, especially in elderly women
Testa, et al.[4]	2011	Observational	74.2 ± 6.3	GDS	Mortality	Depression increases mortality in HF patients
Uchmanowicz, et al.[51]	2015	Observational	67.9 ± 10.7	HADS	HRQoL	Depression worsens HRQoL in HF patients

CES-D: center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; HDRS: Hamilton depression rating scale; HF: heart failure; HRQoL: health related quality of life; GDS: geriatric depression scale; ICD-9: international classification of diseases 9^th version; MHI-5: mental health inventory 5.