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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Affect Disord. 2018 Feb 27;234:67–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.090

Table 3.

Fixed Effects and Contribution to Between-Individual Variation in Depressive Symptoms over 12 months.a.

Model 1
 Model 2
 Model 3
 Model 4
 Model 5
Estimate (SE) p-value Estimate (SE) p-value Estimate (SE) p-value Estimate (SE) p-value Estimate (SE) p-value
Ageb 0.01 (0.02) 0.72 0.02 (0.02) 0.17 0.02 (0.02) 0.22 0.03 (0.02) 0.10 0.03 (0.02) 0.07
Male −0.53 (0.86) 0.54 −0.34 (0.70) 0.62 −0.41 (0.68) 0.55 −0.46 (0.64) 0.47 0.20 (0.63) 0.75
Black racec −0.58 (0.73) 0.43 0.45 (0.60) 0.45 0.22 (0.63) 0.73 0.14 (0.61) 0.82 0.27 (0.59) 0.64
Other racec −2.00 (0.98) 0.04 −0.29 (0.80) 0.71 −0.36 (0.77) 0.64 −0.22 (0.73) 0.76 −0.28 (0.70) 0.69
Married −0.64 (0.47) 0.18 −0.32 (0.38) 0.41 −0.12 (0.37) 0.74 −0.09 (0.36) 0.80 −0.05 (0.35) 0.88
Social inhibitiond — — 0.07 (0.04) 0.05 0.07 (0.03) 0.05 0.05 (0.03) 0.10 0.05 (0.03) 0.12
Negative affectivityd — — 0.36 (0.04) < 0.001 0.31 (0.04) < 0.001 0.14 (0.04) < 0.001 0.12 (0.04) 0.004
Nursee — — — — −0.44 (0.94) 0.64 −0.66 (0.91) 0.46 −1.07 (0.88) 0.22
Quantitative demandsf — — — — 0.04 (0.01) 0.002 0.03 (0.01) 0.009 0.009 (0.02) 0.48
Work culturef — — — — −0.80 (0.23) < 0.001 −0.55 (0.22) 0.01 −0.36 (0.23) 0.12
Self-sufficientg — — — — — — −0.12 (0.33) 0.71 −0.09 (0.31) 0.78
Social supportg — — — — — — −0.08 (0.28) 0.77 −0.15 (0.27) 0.59
Avoidantg — — — — — — 1.9 (0.32) < 0.001 1.78 (0.31) < 0.001
Humorg — — — — — — 0.10 (0.19) 0.59 0.11 (0.18) 0.56
Religiong — — — — — — −0.13 (0.16) 0.43 −0.12 (0.16) 0.43
Exhaustionh — — — — — — — — 2.49 (0.52) < 0.001
Disengagementh — — — — — — — — −0.88 (0.52) 0.10
% Between-Individual Variation
  Explained 		0.9% 36.4% 41.5% 49.5% 53.5%

SE = standard error.

a

Estimates for fixed effects of predictors and percent of between-individual variation explained from linear mixed models. Outcomes for all models are monthly depression scores as assessed by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; score is the sum of all items (0–3 possible for each item).

b

Age has been standardized to the group mean.

c

Race is a categorical variable with the reference being white.

d

Social inhibition and negative affectivity were assessed with Type D Scale-14 (scored as the sum of responses).

e

Nurses or non-nurses (i.e., certified nursing assistants and medical assistants).

f

Assessed with the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire; work culture is a latent variable, standardized to mean of 0, with ± 1 standard deviation.

g

Assessed with the brief COPE inventory; self-sufficient, social support, and avoidant are latent variables, standardized to mean of 0, with ± 1 standard deviation.

h

Assessed with Oldenburg Burnout Inventory.