Table 1.

Examples of published clinical trials using human stromal stem cell therapy in skeletal disorders.

System		Indication	Sample size	Cell type	Study design	Delivery route	Outcome	Ref
Skeletal	Bone	Tibial non-union fracrure	20	Autologous bone marrow	Prospective study	Percutanous injection	Clinical and radiological bone union following in 15 out of 20 patients	57
		Large bone diaphysis defects (tibia, ulna, humerus)	4	Autologous MSC’s cultured and seeded on porous hydroxyapatite scaffold	Case report	Local implantation	Complete fusion between the implant and the host bone occurred 5 to 7 months after surgery. In all patients at the last follow-up (6 to 7 years post surgery), a good integration of the implants was maintained	58
		Atrophic tibial diaphysea non-union sites	60	Autologous bone marrow	Prospective study	Percutanous injection	Bone unions were obtained in 53 patients after 6 months.	64
		Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head	3	Autologous MSC’s cultured with beta-tricalcium phosphate	Case report	Intrafemoral	Osteonecrosis did not progress and early bone regeneration was observed.	65
		Femoral head osteonecrosis	13	Autologous bone marrow	Phase I clinical trialI	ntrafemoral injection	Significant reduction in pain and in joint symptoms within the bone-marrow-graft group At twenty-four months, five of the eight hips in the control group had deteriorated to stage III, whereas only one of the ten hips in the bone-marrowgraft group had progressed to this stage	66
		Unicameral bone cysts	79	Bone marrow	Clinical trial	Intra cystic	No clear differences in healing compared with steroid injection	93
		Mandibular defect	1	Autologous bone marrow seeded on titanium mesh cage scaffold filled with bone mineral blocks and BMP 7	Case report	Local implantation	In-vivo skeletal scintigraphy showed bone remodelling and mineralisation inside the mandibular transplant both before and after transplantation. CT provided radiological evidence of new bone formation.	94
	Cartilage	Full-thickness articular cartilage defects in human patella	2	Autologous bone marrow stromal cells	Case report	Local implantation	Evidence for promotion of repair of articular cartilage defects	61
		Achondroplasia, congenital pseudarthrosis	3	Autologous MSC’s mixed with platelet rich plasma	Case report	Local injection	Acceleration of bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis	62