Table 4.
Prospective association between vasomotor symptoms at baseline and incident depressed mood at the 3-year follow-up
| Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) | n | Case (%)a |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Model 1b OR (95% CI) |
Model 2c OR (95% CI) |
Model 2+sleep OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of VMS in the past 12 months (ALSWH) | 4378 | 14.4 | ||||
| Never | 1903 | 13.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely | 775 | 14.3 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) |
| Sometimes | 1113 | 14.8 | 1.17 (0.94–1.44) | 1.08 (0.87–1.35) | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) |
| Often | 587 | 18.1 | 1.48 (1.15–1.90) | 1.35 (1.04–1.76) | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) |
| Severity of VMS in the past 12 months (NSHD) | 577 | 16.5 | ||||
| Never | 269 | 18.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild | 147 | 13.6 | 0.71 (0.40–1.24) | 0.71 (0.40–1.27) | 0.71 (0.39–1.27) | 0.64 (0.35–1.16) |
| Moderate | 111 | 14.4 | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) | 0.73 (0.39–1.37) | 0.71 (0.38–1.36) | 0.66 (0.34–1.29) |
| Severe | 50 | 20.0 | 1.12 (0.53–2.40) | 1.08 (0.50–2.35) | 1.03 (0.47–2.26) | 0.83 (0.35–1.94) |
| Frequency of VMS in the past 2 weeks (SWAN) | 1710 | 8.1 | ||||
| Never | 856 | 6.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely | 539 | 6.7 | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) | 1.04 (0.67–1.63) | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) |
| Sometimes | 123 | 12.2 | 1.98 (1.08–3.63) | 2.06 (1.12–3.79) | 1.88 (1.01–3.50) | 1.70 (0.90–3.21) |
| Often | 192 | 16.2 | 2.75 (1.72–4.40) | 3.19 (1.93–5.27) | 2.96 (1.75–4.98) | 2.25 (1.30–3.89) |
| Severity of VMS in the past 2 weeks (WHITEHALL) | 1568 | 9.0 | ||||
| Never | 1014 | 8.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild | 268 | 7.8 | 0.94 (0.57–1.55) | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) | 1.07 (0.64–1.81) | 1.03 (0.57–1.86) |
| Moderate | 165 | 12.1 | 1.53 (0.91–2.56) | 1.84 (1.07–3.17) | 1.93 (1.12–3.35) | 1.74 (0.90–3.38) |
| Severe | 121 | 13.2 | 1.69 (0.95–2.99) | 2.12 (1.16–3.85) | 2.03 (1.10–3.75) | 1.64 (0.77–3.50) |
| Overall sample: VMS | 8233 | 12.2 | ||||
| Never | 4042 | 10.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely/mild | 1729 | 10.9 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 0.90 (0.74–1.08) |
| Sometimes/moderate | 1512 | 14.3 | 1.21 (1.01–1.44) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 1.16 (0.96–1.39) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) |
| Often/severe | 950 | 17.2 | 1.62 (1.33–1.98) | 1.63 (1.33–2.01) | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) |
| Overall sample: sleep difficulties | 8233 | 12.2 | ||||
| Never | 3937 | 8.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely/mild | 2059 | 11.9 | 1.42 (1.18–1.69) | 1.42 (1.19–1.70) | 1.42 (1.19–1.70) | 1.44 (1.19–1.72) |
| Sometimes/moderate | 1627 | 17.1 | 1.99 (1.66–2.38) | 1.99 (1.66–2.39) | 1.96 (1.63–2.35) | 1.94 (1.61–2.35) |
| Often/severe | 610 | 25.1 | 3.35 (2.68–4.17) | 3.36 (2.69–4.20) | 3.28 (2.62–4.11) | 3.18 (2.51–4.02) |
Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Study level variability was adjusted by including study indicator as a covariate in the crude and multivariable model.
Depressed mood was defined by “often or sometimes” having depressed mood or having “severe or moderate” depressed mood.
Model 1 was adjusted for menopausal status and concurrent use of menopausal hormone therapy at baseline.
Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus following socio-demographic and lifestyle factors: race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, and BMI at baseline. Data for SWAN were additionally adjusted for study site.