Table 5.
Prospective association between depressed mood at baseline and incident vasomotor symptoms at the 3-year follow-up
| Depressed mood | n | Case (%)a |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Model 1b OR (95% CI) |
Model 2c OR (95% CI) |
Model 2+sleep OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of depressed mood in the past 12 months (ALSWH) | 3494 | 38.9 | ||||
| Never | 1904 | 35.2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely | 774 | 44.1 | 1.45 (1.22–1.72) | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | 1.41 (1.18–1.67) | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) |
| Sometimes | 650 | 41.2 | 1.29 (1.08–1.55) | 1.33 (1.10–1.60) | 1.30 (1.08–1.57) | 1.25 (1.03–1.53) |
| Often | 166 | 48.8 | 1.76 (1.28–2.41) | 1.82 (1.32–2.53) | 1.77 (1.28–2.46) | 1.65 (1.16–2.33) |
| Severity of depressed mood in the past 12 months (NSHD) | 594 | 25.1 | ||||
| Never | 292 | 17.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild | 124 | 26.6 | 1.71 (1.04–2.82) | 1.74 (1.04–2.90) | 1.66 (0.98–2.80) | 1.59 (0.93–2.71) |
| Moderate | 123 | 35.0 | 2.54 (1.57–4.10) | 2.76 (1.68–4.55) | 2.70 (1.63–4.46) | 2.60 (1.52–4.44) |
| Severe | 55 | 40.0 | 3.15 (1.70–5.85) | 2.84 (1.50–5.37) | 2.80 (1.46–5.34) | 2.55 (1.28–5.08) |
| Frequency of depressed mood in the past 2 weeks (SWAN) | 1550 | 19.1 | ||||
| Never | 769 | 17.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely | 626 | 20.3 | 1.24 (0.95–1.62) | 1.20 (0.92–1.58) | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) |
| Sometimes | 87 | 25.3 | 1.65 (0.98–2.77) | 1.67 (0.99–2.84) | 1.52 (0.89–2.62) | 1.62 (0.94–2.82) |
| Often | 68 | 23.5 | 1.50 (0.83–2.71) | 1.45 (0.79–2.63) | 1.41 (0.77–2.59) | 1.49 (0.80–2.78) |
| Severity of depressed mood in the past 2 weeks (WHITEHALL) | 1346 | 13.3 | ||||
| Never | 1116 | 11.5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mild | 166 | 21.1 | 2.06 (1.36–3.13) | 2.07 (1.34–3.19) | 1.94 (1.25–3.01) | 1.61 (0.96–2.69) |
| Moderate | 47 | 21.3 | 2.09 (1.01–4.30) | 2.05 (0.97–4.31) | 2.22 (1.05–4.70) | 1.95 (0.84–4.53) |
| Severe | 17 | 35.3 | 4.21 (1.53–11.6) | 3.95 (1.40–11.2) | 3.58 (1.25–10.3) | 3.22 (1.03–10.1) |
| Overall sample: depressed mood | 6984 | 28.4 | ||||
| Never | 4081 | 24.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely/mild | 1690 | 31.7 | 1.46 (1.28–1.67) | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) | 1.42 (1.24–1.63) | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) |
| Sometimes/moderate | 907 | 37.8 | 1.45 (1.24–1.70) | 1.47 (1.25–1.72) | 1.43 (1.22–1.67) | 1.39 (1.17–1.64) |
| Often/severe | 306 | 40.9 | 1.95 (1.52–2.50) | 1.96 (1.53–2.52) | 1.89 (1.47–2.44) | 1.80 (1.38–2.34) |
| Overall sample: sleep difficulties | 6984 | 28.4 | ||||
| Never | 3512 | 22.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rarely/mild | 1649 | 30.5 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) |
| Sometimes/moderate | 1319 | 36.2 | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) |
| Often/severe | 504 | 39.7 | 1.48 (1.21–1.81) | 1.51 (1.23–1.86) | 1.47 (1.19–1.80) | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) |
Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Study level variability was adjusted by including study indicator as a covariate in the crude and multivariable model.
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) were defined by “often or sometimes” having VMS or having “severe or moderate” VMS.
Model 1 was adjusted for menopausal status and concurrent use of menopausal hormone therapy at baseline.
Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus following socio-demographic and lifestyle factors: race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, and BMI at baseline. Data for SWAN were additionally adjusted for study site.