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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017 Dec 19;29(2):144–150. doi: 10.1111/pai.12834

Table 1.

Maternal and child characteristics by current wheeze and atopic dermatitis at age 3 years in the CANDLE Study

Characteristics Wheeze in the 3rd year of life Atopic dermatitis All1
n=858

Yes
n=174
No
n=675
Yes
n=231
No
n=626

Maternal characteristics

Age, median (IQR), y 26 (21 – 30) 27 (22 – 31)* 26 (22 – 30) 27 (22 – 31) 27 (22 – 31)

Race, % (n)
African American 69.8 (120) 61.7 (414) 76.7 (175) 58.4 (364) 63.4 (540)
White 30.2 (52) 38.3 (257) 23.2 (53) 41.6 (259)** 36.6 (312)

Education, % (n)
Less than high school 59.9 (103) 52.2 (350) 56.1 (128) 53.3 (332) 53.9 (462)
High school or more 40.1 (69) 47.8 (321) 43.9 (100) 46.7 (291) 46.1 (396)

Insurance type, % (n)
Medicare/ Medicaid 59.9 (103) 51.7 (347) 59.2 (135) 51.5 (321) 53.7 (461)
Private/Employee 40.1 (69) 48.3 (324) 40.8 (93) 48.5 (302)* 46.3 (397)

Married/Living with a partner, % (n) 50.0 (87) 62.1 (419)** 55.4 (128) 61.0 (382) 59.6 (511)

Nulliparous, % (n) 39.1 (68) 41.6 (281) 40.7 (94) 40.9 (256) 40.8 (350)

Asthma, % (n) 12.9 (22) 11.0 (73) 13.6 (31) 10.5 (65) 11.3 (96)

Smoking during pregnancy, % (n) 7.0 (12) 8.8 (59) 7.5 (17) 8.8 (55) 8.4 (72)

Cesarean delivery, % (n) 42.8 (74) 35.4 (238) 39.3 (90) 35.9 (224) 36.9 (315)

Pre-pregnancy BMI, median (IQR), (kg/m2)2 26.4 (22.7 – 34.4) 25.8 (22.5 – 31.2) 26.6 (23.2 – 33.2) 25.7 (22.3 – 31.2) 25.8 (22.6 – 32.0)

Plasma folate levels, median (IQR), ng/ml3
 2nd trimester; n=852 20.2 (14.4 – 28.8) 23.1 (16.4 – 30.1) 22.4 (14.7 – 28.9) 22.6 (16.3 – 30.2) 22.6 (15.9 – 30.0)
3rd trimester; n=818 22.4 (14.8 – 28.8) 23.2 (16.6 – 30.7) 21.5 (14.3 – 29.4) 23.8 (17.3 – 30.2)** 23.1 (16.1 – 30.0)

Used supplement containing folic acid at 2nd trimester, %(n); n=758 95.5 (142) 93.4 (570) 94.5 (190) 95.3 (530) 95.1 (721)

2nd trimester folate intake4, median (IQR); n=714
Food folate (μg/d) 291 (207 – 394) 281 (207 – 381) 319 (231 – 420) 268 (201 369)** 284 (207 – 383)
Total folic acid (μg/d)5 733 (665 – 835) 740 (674 – 858) 744 (671 – 863) 739 (673 – 844) 739 (673 – 848)
Total DFE (μg/d)6 1576 (1359 –1787) 1580 (1355 – 1827) 1607 (1384 – 1844) 1561 (1354 – 1797) 1576 (1355 –1813)

2nd trimester plasma vitamin D level, median (IQR), ng/ml; n=848 22.3 (15.9 – 27.0) 22.3 (16.2 – 27.4) 21.3 (15.6 – 27.1) 22.6 (16.3 – 27.4) 22.1 (16.1 – 27.3)

Breastfeeding7, % (n); n=750 46.4 (70) 55.2 (327) 45.8 (92) 56.6 (310)* 53.7 (405)

Child characteristics

Gender, female, % (n) 43.0 (74) 52.6 (353)** 50.9 (116) 50.6 (315) 50.6 (431)

Gestational age, median (IQR), weeks 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) 39.2 (38.5 – 40) 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0)

Birth weight, median (IQR), g 3307 (3057 – 3677) 3330 (3074 – 3625) 3270 (3017 – 3500) 3360 (3091–3363)** 3324 (3070 – 3629)
1

Includes dyads with information on at least one outcome; in total, 849 and 857 dyads had information on current wheeze and atopic dermatitis, respectively; Numbers do not always add up to 858 because of varied number of missing data for each variable

2

BMI indicates Body Mass Index; calculated from self-reported pre-pregnancy height and weight

3

1 ng/mL = ~2.3 nmol/L

4

Captured using a food-frequency questionnaire

5

total folic acid includes folic acid in fortified foods and supplements

6

DFE indicates Dietary Folate Equivalent; total DFE calculated as food folate + 1.7 x folic acid from fortified foods and supplement

7

Reported at 4 weeks postpartum.

*

P< 0.05

**

P< 0.01