Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics by current wheeze and atopic dermatitis at age 3 years in the CANDLE Study
| Characteristics | Wheeze in the 3rd year of life | Atopic dermatitis | All1 n=858 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Yes n=174 |
No n=675 |
Yes n=231 |
No n=626 |
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| Maternal characteristics | |||||
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| Age, median (IQR), y | 26 (21 – 30) | 27 (22 – 31)* | 26 (22 – 30) | 27 (22 – 31) | 27 (22 – 31) |
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| Race, % (n) | |||||
| African American | 69.8 (120) | 61.7 (414) | 76.7 (175) | 58.4 (364) | 63.4 (540) |
| White | 30.2 (52) | 38.3 (257) | 23.2 (53) | 41.6 (259)** | 36.6 (312) |
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| Education, % (n) | |||||
| Less than high school | 59.9 (103) | 52.2 (350) | 56.1 (128) | 53.3 (332) | 53.9 (462) |
| High school or more | 40.1 (69) | 47.8 (321) | 43.9 (100) | 46.7 (291) | 46.1 (396) |
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| Insurance type, % (n) | |||||
| Medicare/ Medicaid | 59.9 (103) | 51.7 (347) | 59.2 (135) | 51.5 (321) | 53.7 (461) |
| Private/Employee | 40.1 (69) | 48.3 (324) | 40.8 (93) | 48.5 (302)* | 46.3 (397) |
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| Married/Living with a partner, % (n) | 50.0 (87) | 62.1 (419)** | 55.4 (128) | 61.0 (382) | 59.6 (511) |
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| Nulliparous, % (n) | 39.1 (68) | 41.6 (281) | 40.7 (94) | 40.9 (256) | 40.8 (350) |
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| Asthma, % (n) | 12.9 (22) | 11.0 (73) | 13.6 (31) | 10.5 (65) | 11.3 (96) |
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| Smoking during pregnancy, % (n) | 7.0 (12) | 8.8 (59) | 7.5 (17) | 8.8 (55) | 8.4 (72) |
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| Cesarean delivery, % (n) | 42.8 (74) | 35.4 (238) | 39.3 (90) | 35.9 (224) | 36.9 (315) |
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| Pre-pregnancy BMI, median (IQR), (kg/m2)2 | 26.4 (22.7 – 34.4) | 25.8 (22.5 – 31.2) | 26.6 (23.2 – 33.2) | 25.7 (22.3 – 31.2) | 25.8 (22.6 – 32.0) |
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| Plasma folate levels, median (IQR), ng/ml3 | |||||
| 2nd trimester; n=852 | 20.2 (14.4 – 28.8) | 23.1 (16.4 – 30.1) | 22.4 (14.7 – 28.9) | 22.6 (16.3 – 30.2) | 22.6 (15.9 – 30.0) |
| 3rd trimester; n=818 | 22.4 (14.8 – 28.8) | 23.2 (16.6 – 30.7) | 21.5 (14.3 – 29.4) | 23.8 (17.3 – 30.2)** | 23.1 (16.1 – 30.0) |
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| Used supplement containing folic acid at 2nd trimester, %(n); n=758 | 95.5 (142) | 93.4 (570) | 94.5 (190) | 95.3 (530) | 95.1 (721) |
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| 2nd trimester folate intake4, median (IQR); n=714 | |||||
| Food folate (μg/d) | 291 (207 – 394) | 281 (207 – 381) | 319 (231 – 420) | 268 (201 369)** | 284 (207 – 383) |
| Total folic acid (μg/d)5 | 733 (665 – 835) | 740 (674 – 858) | 744 (671 – 863) | 739 (673 – 844) | 739 (673 – 848) |
| Total DFE (μg/d)6 | 1576 (1359 –1787) | 1580 (1355 – 1827) | 1607 (1384 – 1844) | 1561 (1354 – 1797) | 1576 (1355 –1813) |
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| 2nd trimester plasma vitamin D level, median (IQR), ng/ml; n=848 | 22.3 (15.9 – 27.0) | 22.3 (16.2 – 27.4) | 21.3 (15.6 – 27.1) | 22.6 (16.3 – 27.4) | 22.1 (16.1 – 27.3) |
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| Breastfeeding7, % (n); n=750 | 46.4 (70) | 55.2 (327) | 45.8 (92) | 56.6 (310)* | 53.7 (405) |
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| Child characteristics | |||||
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| Gender, female, % (n) | 43.0 (74) | 52.6 (353)** | 50.9 (116) | 50.6 (315) | 50.6 (431) |
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| Gestational age, median (IQR), weeks | 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) | 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) | 39.2 (38.5 – 40) | 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) | 39.2 (38.6 – 40.0) |
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| Birth weight, median (IQR), g | 3307 (3057 – 3677) | 3330 (3074 – 3625) | 3270 (3017 – 3500) | 3360 (3091–3363)** | 3324 (3070 – 3629) |
Includes dyads with information on at least one outcome; in total, 849 and 857 dyads had information on current wheeze and atopic dermatitis, respectively; Numbers do not always add up to 858 because of varied number of missing data for each variable
BMI indicates Body Mass Index; calculated from self-reported pre-pregnancy height and weight
1 ng/mL = ~2.3 nmol/L
Captured using a food-frequency questionnaire
total folic acid includes folic acid in fortified foods and supplements
DFE indicates Dietary Folate Equivalent; total DFE calculated as food folate + 1.7 x folic acid from fortified foods and supplement
Reported at 4 weeks postpartum.
P< 0.05
P< 0.01