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. 2018 Aug 6;9:686. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00686

Table 2.

In vivo biological activities of guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) against various chronic diseases.

Disease Mechanism of action References
Arthritis ↓Leucocytes Sharma et al., 1989d
Dhaneshwar et al., 2013d
↓IL-1β; ↓TLR4 Wang Q. et al., 2014d
Asthma ↓pSTAT6; ↓GATA3 Liu et al., 2015d
↓pSTAT6; ↓GATA3 Zhou et al., 2015b
Atherosclerosis ↓NF-κB Cuaz-Pérolin et al., 2008d
CANCER
Breast Cancer ↓PCNA; ↓Ki67 Xu et al., 2014bc
Colon Cancer ↑Caspase−3,−8; ↓cIAP-1,-2; ↓Bcl-2 An et al., 2009c
↓Wnt/β-catenin; ↓NF-κB/COX-2 Liu et al., 2013d
↓Wnt/β-catenin; ↓NF-κB/COX-2 Wang R. et al., 2014d
↑let-7 and miR-200 families Takahashi et al., 2012d
Ehrlich tumor ↓VEGF; ↑caspase-3; ↑Bax Agrawal et al., 2011d
↓NF- κB; ↓PARP Qurishi et al., 2012d
Esophageal Cancer ↓NHE-1 Guan et al., 2014c
↓FXR Guan et al., 2013c
Glioma ↓NO; ↑Caspase–3,–8 Ravanan et al., 2011d
↓ AOM-induced ACF Huang et al., 2000d
↓NF-κB; ↓PARP Qurishi et al., 2013d
Head and Neck ↓STAT-3; ↓HIF-1α Leeman-Neill et al., 2009c
Pancreatic cancer ↓NF-κB; ↓Akt Ahn et al., 2012c
↓NF-κB Park et al., 2011ad
Prostate cancer ↓VEGF-VEGF-R2-Akt signaling Xiao and Singh, 2008c
↓NF-κB Syrovets et al., 2005bd
↑Caspase-3 Büchele et al., 2006d
↓VEGFR-2 Pang et al., 2009d
↓MMP; ↓PARP-1 Pathania et al., 2015d
Colitis ↓NF-κB Kim et al., 2010c
↓ICAM-1; ↓NF-κB Cheon et al., 2006c
Dementia ↓AChE activity; ↓MDA; ↑GSH Saxena et al., 2007c
Depression ↑BDNF signaling; ↑Hippocampal neurogenesis Liu et al., 2017c
Diabetes ↓PPARγ Sharma et al., 2009c
Gastritis ↓NF-κB Kim et al., 2013c
Gastric injury ↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 Zhang et al., 2016d
Gastric ulcer ↑Prostaglandin; ↓leukotrienes Singh et al., 2008d
Hepatic injury ↓NF-κB; ↓p65; ↓p-JNK; ↓TLR-3,-4; ↓MyD88 Chen et al., 2016d
Hyperlipidemia ↓Oxidative modification of LDL Wang et al., 2004c
Satyavati et al., 1969c
↑Plasma insulin level; ↓LDL; ↓VLDL Sharma et al., 2009c
Inflammatory bowel diseases ↓NF-κB Kang et al., 2013c
↓IL–2,−4; ↓IFN-γ Mencarelli et al., 2009c
Ischemia reperfusion ↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 Ding et al., 2014d
↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 Ding et al., 2015d
Memory impairment ↑CREB-BDNF signaling Chen et al., 2016c
Myocardial ischemia ↓Oxidative degradation of lipids; ↓ROS Chander et al., 2003c
↓Lipid peroxides; ↓XO; ↑SOD Kaul and Kapoor, 1989c
Pancreatitis ↓NF-κB; ↓IL-6; ↓Chemokine-1,-10 Kim et al., 2017 c
Thyroid dysfunction ↑Iodine uptake Tripathi et al., 1975c, 1984c
↑Iodine uptake Panda and Kar, 2005
Uveitis ↓NF-κB; ↓MMP-2; ↓iNOS; ↓COX-2 Kalariya et al., 2010c

ACF, Aberrant crypt foci; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; AOM, azoxymethane; BCRP, Breast cancer resistance protein; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; c, Commiphora; cIAP, The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; CREB-BDNF, cAMP-response element binding protein-BDNF d, Boswellia; FXR, Farnesoid X receptor; GSH, Glutathione; HIF-1a, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICAM, Intracellular adhesion molecules; IFN, Interferon; IκB, Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor IL, Interleukin; IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MDR, Multidrug resistance; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases; MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B; NHE-1, Na+/H+exchanger-1; NO, Nitric oxide; Nrf-2, The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2; p-JNK, Phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinases; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; PARP, Poly ADP ribose polymerase; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; pSTAT6, phosphorylated Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TLR, Toll-like receptor; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; XO, Xanthine oxidase.