Table 2.
In vivo biological activities of guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) against various chronic diseases.
| Disease | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|
| Arthritis | ↓Leucocytes | Sharma et al., 1989d |
| – | Dhaneshwar et al., 2013d | |
| ↓IL-1β; ↓TLR4 | Wang Q. et al., 2014d | |
| Asthma | ↓pSTAT6; ↓GATA3 | Liu et al., 2015d |
| ↓pSTAT6; ↓GATA3 | Zhou et al., 2015b | |
| Atherosclerosis | ↓NF-κB | Cuaz-Pérolin et al., 2008d |
| CANCER | ||
| Breast Cancer | ↓PCNA; ↓Ki67 | Xu et al., 2014bc |
| Colon Cancer | ↑Caspase−3,−8; ↓cIAP-1,-2; ↓Bcl-2 | An et al., 2009c |
| ↓Wnt/β-catenin; ↓NF-κB/COX-2 | Liu et al., 2013d | |
| ↓Wnt/β-catenin; ↓NF-κB/COX-2 | Wang R. et al., 2014d | |
| ↑let-7 and miR-200 families | Takahashi et al., 2012d | |
| Ehrlich tumor | ↓VEGF; ↑caspase-3; ↑Bax | Agrawal et al., 2011d |
| ↓NF- κB; ↓PARP | Qurishi et al., 2012d | |
| Esophageal Cancer | ↓NHE-1 | Guan et al., 2014c |
| ↓FXR | Guan et al., 2013c | |
| Glioma | ↓NO; ↑Caspase–3,–8 | Ravanan et al., 2011d |
| ↓ AOM-induced ACF | Huang et al., 2000d | |
| ↓NF-κB; ↓PARP | Qurishi et al., 2013d | |
| Head and Neck | ↓STAT-3; ↓HIF-1α | Leeman-Neill et al., 2009c |
| Pancreatic cancer | ↓NF-κB; ↓Akt | Ahn et al., 2012c |
| ↓NF-κB | Park et al., 2011ad | |
| Prostate cancer | ↓VEGF-VEGF-R2-Akt signaling | Xiao and Singh, 2008c |
| ↓NF-κB | Syrovets et al., 2005bd | |
| ↑Caspase-3 | Büchele et al., 2006d | |
| ↓VEGFR-2 | Pang et al., 2009d | |
| ↓MMP; ↓PARP-1 | Pathania et al., 2015d | |
| Colitis | ↓NF-κB | Kim et al., 2010c |
| ↓ICAM-1; ↓NF-κB | Cheon et al., 2006c | |
| Dementia | ↓AChE activity; ↓MDA; ↑GSH | Saxena et al., 2007c |
| Depression | ↑BDNF signaling; ↑Hippocampal neurogenesis | Liu et al., 2017c |
| Diabetes | ↓PPARγ | Sharma et al., 2009c |
| Gastritis | ↓NF-κB | Kim et al., 2013c |
| Gastric injury | ↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 | Zhang et al., 2016d |
| Gastric ulcer | ↑Prostaglandin; ↓leukotrienes | Singh et al., 2008d |
| Hepatic injury | ↓NF-κB; ↓p65; ↓p-JNK; ↓TLR-3,-4; ↓MyD88 | Chen et al., 2016d |
| Hyperlipidemia | ↓Oxidative modification of LDL | Wang et al., 2004c |
| – | Satyavati et al., 1969c | |
| ↑Plasma insulin level; ↓LDL; ↓VLDL | Sharma et al., 2009c | |
| Inflammatory bowel diseases | ↓NF-κB | Kang et al., 2013c |
| ↓IL–2,−4; ↓IFN-γ | Mencarelli et al., 2009c | |
| Ischemia reperfusion | ↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 | Ding et al., 2014d |
| ↑Nrf2; ↑HO-1 | Ding et al., 2015d | |
| Memory impairment | ↑CREB-BDNF signaling | Chen et al., 2016c |
| Myocardial ischemia | ↓Oxidative degradation of lipids; ↓ROS | Chander et al., 2003c |
| ↓Lipid peroxides; ↓XO; ↑SOD | Kaul and Kapoor, 1989c | |
| Pancreatitis | ↓NF-κB; ↓IL-6; ↓Chemokine-1,-10 | Kim et al., 2017 c |
| Thyroid dysfunction | ↑Iodine uptake | Tripathi et al., 1975c, 1984c |
| ↑Iodine uptake | Panda and Kar, 2005 | |
| Uveitis | ↓NF-κB; ↓MMP-2; ↓iNOS; ↓COX-2 | Kalariya et al., 2010c |
ACF, Aberrant crypt foci; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; AOM, azoxymethane; BCRP, Breast cancer resistance protein; BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; c, Commiphora; cIAP, The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; CREB-BDNF, cAMP-response element binding protein-BDNF d, Boswellia; FXR, Farnesoid X receptor; GSH, Glutathione; HIF-1a, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; ICAM, Intracellular adhesion molecules; IFN, Interferon; IκB, Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor IL, Interleukin; IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL, Low density lipoprotein; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MDR, Multidrug resistance; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases; MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B; NHE-1, Na+/H+exchanger-1; NO, Nitric oxide; Nrf-2, The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2; p-JNK, Phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinases; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; PARP, Poly ADP ribose polymerase; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; pSTAT6, phosphorylated Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; STAT, Signal transducer and activator of transcription; TLR, Toll-like receptor; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; XO, Xanthine oxidase.