Table 3.

Clinical trials of guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) against various chronic diseases.

Disease	Dose	Pts (#)	Clinical outcome	References
Healthy volunteer	1 gb	10	Diminished efficacy	Dalvi et al., 1994
	125 mg, 2 capsulesd	20	Increased pain threshold & tolerance force, well -tolerated	Prabhavathi et al., 2014
	140 mge	47	Effective	Chilelli et al., 2016
	2 × 250 mgd	12	High and quick absorption	Riva et al., 2016
Asthma	900 mg/d; 6 wkd	40	Improved disease condition	Gupta et al., 1998
	500 mg/dd	32	Effective	Ferrara et al., 2015
Breast fibroadenomas	–e	64	Reduction in fibroadenoma mass	Pasta et al., 2016
CKD	516 mge	16	Safe and tolerable	Moreillon et al., 2013
	–b	60	Effective	Shelmadine et al., 2017
Colitis	900 mg/d; 6 wkd	30	Safe and effective	Gupta et al., 2001
	1050 mg/d; 6 wkd	–	Effective	Gupta et al., 1997
Crohn's disease	–d	102	Safe and effective	Gerhardt et al., 2001
	2,400 mg/d; 52 wkd	108	Well-tolerated	Holtmeier et al., 2011
Fascioliasis	12 mg/kg/d; 6 df	7	Safe, well-tolerated and effective	Massoud et al., 2001
	600 mg/d; 6 df	1019	Safe and effective	Abo-Madyan et al., 2004b
Hepatitis C	–a	15	Effective	Scholtes et al., 2012
HCL	1,500 mg/d; 12 wkb	205	Effective	Nityanand et al., 1989
	100 mg/d; 24 wkf	61	Mild side effects	Singh et al., 1994
	1,000, 2,000 mg/d; 3 db103	–	Well-tolerated, caused dermatologic hypersensitivity	Szapary et al., 2003
	2,160 mg/d; 12 wkb	43	Clinical magnitude is obscure	Nohr et al., 2009
HLD	–f	–	–	Verma and Bordia, 1988
	75 mg/d; 8 wka	–	Safe and effective	Beg et al., 1996
	2 g/d; 8 wkb	59	Effective	Vyas et al., 2015
Metabolic syndrome	2 pills/d; 4 mob	78	Effective	Patti et al., 2015
Nodulocystic acne	50 mg/d; 3 mob	20	Reduced inflammatory lesions	Thappa and Dogra, 1994
Osteoarthritis	2 capsules, every 8 h; 3 m-15 d wash-out-3 me	42	–	Kulkarni et al., 1991
	500 mgb	30	Safe and effective	Singh et al., 2003
	999 mg/d; 8 wkd	30	Well-tolerated	Kimmatkar et al., 2003
	100 or 250 mg/d; 90 dd	75	Safe and effective	Sengupta et al., 2008
	1000 mg/de	30	Safe and well-tolerated	Kizhakkedath, 2013
	6 capsules/d; 24 wke	440	Effective, improved knee function	Chopra et al., 2013
Polyarthritis	3600 mg/dd	78	No measurable efficacy	Sander et al., 1998
RT-related edema	4200 mg/dd	44	Effective, reduced cerebral edema	Kirste et al., 2011
Schistosomiasis	10 mg/kg/d; 3df	204	Well-tolerated	Sheir et al., 2001
	600 mg/d; 6 df	1019	Safe and effective	Abo-Madyan et al., 2004a
Skin damage in	Cream, twice/dd	114	Well-tolerated	Togni et al., 2015
MCA
SUI	4 g/d, 8 wke	30	Effective	Arkalgud Rangaswamy et al., 2014

CKD, Chronic kidney disease; d, Day; HCL, Hypercholesterolemia; HLD, Hyperlipidemia; MCA, Mammary carcinoma; mo, Month; wk, Week; RT, Radiotherapy; SUI, Stress urinary incontinence; a, Gugglusterone; b, Guggul; c, Formulation of guggul; d, Boswellia; e, Formulation of Boswellia; f, Commiphora.