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. 2018 Aug 6;11:271. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00271

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Copyright © 2018 Xiao, Jin and Xiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ldb1 and its cofactors in retinal development and maintenance. The pleiotropic functions of Ldb1 are dependent on its diverse LIM-HD and LMO interacting cofactors. Many known Ldb1 cofactors are expressed in developing and mature retinal cells. Some of them, such as Lhx2 and Lmo4, are involved in cell fate specification. Others do not participate in specification but are required for terminal differentiation and cell survival. For example, Lhx1 does not specify the horizontal cell fate but is required to activate the terminal differentiation program in the precursors, and to control the migration of maturing horizontal cells. The functions of Lhx3/4 in bipolar cells and Lhx6 in amacrine cells are yet to be determined. Nearly all retinal cell types listed here have more than one cofactors co-expressed. How these seemingly competing cofactors coexist and coordinate with Ldb1 function in the same cell remains to be a challenge to unravel.