Table 1. Indications, dosing, and potential adverse effects for idiopathic non-obstructive male-factor infertility.

Medication	Indication	Recommended dosing (*, dosing of senior author)	Adverse effects
Human chorionic gonadotropin	Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	Range: initial dose 3,000+75 IU twice a week (5); 5,000 IU 3 times per week (6); *1,500–3,000 IU 3 times per week	Injection site pain, gynecomastia, hyperglycemia, headache, depression
Clomiphene citrate	Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	Range: 25–400 mg; 100 mg 3 times per week, titrate up (1); *25 mg daily	GI distress, dizziness, hair loss, gynecomastia, weight gain
Anastrozole	T/E ratio <10	1 mg/day (7,8); *0.5–1.0 mg daily, based on T/E ratio	Elevated liver enzymes (reversible), decreased libido, headaches

T/E, testosterone-to-estradiol; GI, gastrointestinal.