TABLE 1.
Reactive molecules
| Molecule | Chemical formula | Source(s)a | Primary target(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen peroxide | H2O2 | Superoxide dismutase, incomplete reduction of O2 | Fe-S clusters, proteins |
| Hydroxyl radical | HO· | Fenton chemistry, incomplete reduction of O2 | DNA |
| Hypochlorous acid | HOCl | MPO | Proteins |
| Nitric oxide | ˙NO | iNOS | Proteins, metals |
| Nitrogen dioxide | ˙NO2 | Spontaneous reaction of ˙NO and O2− | Proteins |
| Nitroxyl radical | NO− | Product of NorV-mediated NO reduction | Proteins |
| Peroxynitrite | ONOO− | Spontaneous reaction of ˙NO and O2− | Proteins, DNA, metals |
| Superoxide anion | O2− | NOX, incomplete reduction of O2 | Fe-S clusters |
a
MPO, myeloperoxidase; iNOS, nitric oxide synthase; NOX, NADPH oxidase.