Fig. 1.

Experimental setup and design. Children viewed a horizontally oriented monitor (a) while controlling an on-screen “bat” with a 1-degree-of-freedom manipulandum (this example shows the experimental setup for a right-handed child, but the control was placed on the left of the display for left-handed participants with stimuli reversed). The schematic (b) shows the location of the target and bat on the experimental display as well as the manipulandum to the right of the display. Targets moved from left to right across the screen. Participants were instructed to hit the target from beneath with the bat. The possible outcomes are shown in (c). In the upper panel, the bat has arrived too early and missed the target. In the middle panel, the bat successfully hits the target on the underside. In the lower panel, the bat was too late and missed the target.