Table 2.

Mixed methods studies- Results.

Author Year Country	Study design Data source informing findings	Participants	Findings relating to the process of becoming empowered	Findings relating to the state of being empowered
Clayton et al.31 2007 Australia	RCT. Exploring whether a question prompt list influences advanced cancer patients’/caregivers’ questions and discussion of topics relevant to end-of-life care during palliative care consultationsa,b	174 terminally ill cancer patients (92 intervention and 82 control)	Question prompt lists, aid/prompt dialogue with HCP enhancing communicationc,d	Confidence (and engagement) to ask HCPs questions about prognosis/future caree
Henriksen et al.28 2014 UK	Mixed methods. Pilot study implementing a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ). In a hospice in-patient settingb	17 Hospice patients completed questionnaires. 9 patients and 1 relative completed interviews	Opportunity to express opinionsd Being involved in care decisions/experienced,e	Being heardd Opinions considered meaningfuld Feeling valuedd,e
Kane et al.34 2018 Ireland	Semi-structured interviews exploring patients’ experience of using the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS) in heart failure clinicsa	18 patients all with ‘advanced heart failure’ and 4 nurses	Validation of symptom experiencec,d,e Holistic needs assessment supports, vocabulary and therein dialogue with HCPsc,d,e	Enhanced feeling of control over illness through taking ownership of symptomse Active (rather than passive) role in health care/managemente Confidencee Being more actively involved in clinical consultationsd,e
Maloney et al.37 2013 USA	A qualitative descriptive study of participants’ perspectives of the intervention ENABLE II (Educate, Nurture, Advise Before Life Ends)a,b	53 interview participants All advanced ‘palliative’ cancer	Support/encouragement to seek helpd Taking an active role in managing health-related issuese Planning for future deteriorations in healthe	Confident to seeking assistance from HCPse Active (rather than passive) role in health care/managemente Active (rather than passive) role in dealing with family and friendse Confident to communicate limitations/disability, informing family/HCPs what your able to doe
Mikkelsen et al.36 2015 Norway	Semi-structured interviews exploring experience participation in a study focusing on lifestyle interventionsb	9 ‘Palliative’ cancer patients	Gain knowledge of ‘illness’ situationc,d,e Gain understanding of situationc,d,e HCPs providing education and an active learning environment motivates patients & strengthensd	Confidencee Enhanced feeling of control over illness and treatmentd,e Enhanced abilities to apply problem-focused copingd,e Managing disappointment when failing to achieve goalse
Reilly et al.29 2015 UK	Questionnaire survey to describe patients’ experiences of a Breathlessness Support Service that included integrated palliative carea,b	25 Patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness (6 cancer)	Education: understanding of illnessc,d,e Education: understanding of symptom trajectory/progression of illnessc,d,e Skills: managing crises, symptom controlc,d,e Personalised care plan, with information, formulated by HCPsc,d	Enhanced capacity to manage/control symptomse

HCPs: healthcare professionals; RCT: randomised controlled trial.

^aData source informing findings: intervention outcome.

^bData source informing findings: results

^cEnvironment factors.

^dHCP qualities/capacities.

^ePatient states/capacities.