. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 13.

Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2018 Jan 16;18(2):155–163. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1427068

Table 3.

Key prognostic biomarkers in metastatic prostate cancer.

Laboratory biomarkers²²	Clinical biomarkers²²
- PSA (baseline and kinetics) -LDH - Hemoglobin level - Alkaline phosphatase - Serum albumin - CTC count ≥ 5 vs. <5 at baseline and CTC count conversion (<5) after 12 weeks of therapy^23–26	- Performance status - Presence of pain / use of opioids
	Imaging biomarkers
	- Sites of metastasis⁵⁰ - Extent of disease^12,51
	Pathologic / Molecular biomarkers
	- Aggressive histologic variants (e.g. small cell) - Rb1, TP53 and/or PTEN alterations⁵². AR-V7+ detection ^32,40 DDR gene alterations

Abbreviations: PSA: prostatic specific antigen; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CTC: circulating tumor cell; AR-V7 androgen receptor splice variant 7.