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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2016 Sep 28;13(1):52–61. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1842

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Respective roles of ecological production and economic benefit functions in the enhancement of human well-being (from Van Wensem et al. this issue) (a) and detailed example of an agroecosystem, where the primary ecosystem service of interest is crop production or yield (b). The diagram is divided into in-crop and off-crop sections to differentiate between the intended (In Crop) and unintended (Off Crop) actions or effects. Thick arrows demonstrate the intended pathway of pesticide use (i.e., increased crop yield) and crop management, whereas thin lines indicate unintended consequences. For clarity, other connections are subsumed with brackets, and more complex feedback loops are not shown.