Table 1.
General characteristics of all subjects and groups according to cSVD burden
| Characteristics | cSVD 0 | cSVD 1 | cSVD 2 | cSVD 3 | cSVD ≥4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 88 | 67 | 33 | 30 | 33 | – |
| Age, yearsa,b | 58.2±13.4 | 67 (56–78) | 73 (58–83.5) | 77.7±9.2 | 81.8±8.0 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 48 (54.5) | 32 (47.8) | 18 (54.5) | 17 (56.7) | 17 (51.5) | 0.906 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 26 (29.5) | 15 (22.4) | 6 (18.2) | 3 (10) | 6 (18.2) | 0.204 |
| Current alcohol, n (%) | 20 (22.7) | 13 (19.4) | 4 (12.1) | 6 (20.0) | 2 (6.1) | 0.242 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 53 (60.2) | 42 (62.7) | 24 (72.7) | 23 (76.7) | 26 (78.8) | 0.184 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 20 (22.7) | 26 (38.8) | 13 (39.4) | 13 (43.3) | 14 (42.4) | 0.082 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 36 (40.9) | 26 (33.8) | 11 (33.3) | 13 (43.3) | 16 (48.5) | 0.780 |
| Body-mass index,a kg/m2 | 25.1±3.6 | 25.1±2.8 | 25.4±3.9 | 25.2±3.4 | 25.3±2.5 | 0.957 |
| Using of antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 43 (48.9) | 40 (59.7) | 21 (63.6) | 22 (75.9) | 23 (69.7) | 0.086 |
| Class of antihypertensive drugs | ||||||
| Dihydropyridine CCB, n (%) | 26 (29.5) | 26 (38.8) | 12 (36.4) | 16 (53.3) | 16 (48.5) | 0.124 |
| ARB, n (%) | 23 (26.1) | 19 (28.4) | 15 (45.5) | 7 (23.3) | 10 (30.3) | 0.275 |
| ACEI, n (%) | 7 (8.0) | 2 (3.0) | 3 (9.1) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (3.0) | 0.502 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 9 (10.2) | 14 (20.9) | 5 (15.2) | 5 (16.7) | 7 (21.2) | 0.395 |
| Nonloop diuretics, n (%) | 7 (8.0) | 5 (7.5) | 3 (9.1) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.1) | 0.910 |
| Total cholesterol,b mmol/L | 2.2 (1.4–4.2) | 1.7 (0.9–3.8) | 1.9 (1.0–4.1) | 1.8 (1.1–3.6) | 1.6 (1.1–3.4) | 0.583 |
| Triglycerides,a mmol/L | 3.7±1.7 | 3.4±1.4 | 3.3±1.8 | 2.9±1.6 | 3.0±1.5 | 0.08 |
| High-density lipoprotein,b mmol/L | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.217 |
| Low-density lipoprotein,a,b mmol/L | 2.9 (2.0–3.4) | 2.3 (2.0–2.8) | 2.6±0.9 | 2.4 (1.9–3.3) | 2.3±0.96 | 0.003 |
| HbA1c,b % | 5.8 (5.5–6.4) | 6.0 (5.6–6.6) | 6.0 (5.6–7.2) | 5.8 (5.5–6.8) | 5.9 (5.6–6.6) | 0.276 |
| Creatinine,a,b umol/L | 63 (54–73) | 65 (56–74) | 67 (60–80) | 87.8±43.1 | 81.0±31.4 | <0.001 |
| Combinations of markers of cSVD | ||||||
| Lacuna, n (%) | – | 15 (22.4) | 11 (33.3) | 15 (50) | 25 (75.8) | – |
| White matter hyperintensity, n (%) | – | 20 (29.9) | 21 (63.6) | 26 (86.7) | 32 (97.0) | – |
| Microbleed, n (%) | – | 6 (9.0) | 10 (30.3) | 10 (33.3) | 32 (97.0) | – |
| Enlarged perivascular spaces, n (%) | – | 18 (26.9) | 15 (45.5) | 20 (66.7) | 32 (97.0) | – |
| Brain atrophy, n (%) | – | 8 (11.9) | 9 (27.3) | 19 (63.3) | 25 (75.8) | – |
Notes:
a
Mean ± SD;
b
median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; cSVD, cerebral small-vessel disease; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.