Figure 1.

V‐ATPase structure. The V₁ domain contains the A₃B₃ catalytic hexamer, the peripheral stalk made up of subunits E, G, C, and H, and D and F of the central rotor. ATP hydrolysis occurs in the A₃B₃ catalytic hexamer and the energy generated is used to drive the rotary mechanism. The V_o domain is integrated into the membrane and is responsible for proton translocation; it consists of subunits a, d, e and the proteolipid ring made up of c and c″. Many of the subunits are expressed in the form of multiple isoforms; the tissue enriched localization of some of the important isoforms is shown