Table 3.
Brain activation amplitude differences between the ADHD-EF taxometrically- determined subgroup and non-ADHD. The table lists Montreal Neurological Institute stereotactic space coordinates of peak study group difference for each cluster that was found to be significant in two-sample t test (p<.001 corrected for searching the whole brain). Results are reported for motor inhibition and error processing on the Go/NoGo task and reward prospect and reward anticipation for the Monetary Incentive Delay task. For each brain region, the Cohen’s d effect size is depicted using sparkline graph to facilitate comparison of ADHD subgroup differences with non-ADHD. The final columns report omnibus F significance p levels from a secondary ANOVA comparing the ADHD subgroups. Subgroup ANOVA-identified regions that survive False Discovery Rate corrections for multiple comparisons are denoted with†.
| Max Peak x, y, z |
t | Effect Size Pattern* | ADHD Subgroup ANOVA | ADHD Subgroup Activation Level Pairwise | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Inhibition HC > ADHD-EF | |||||
| Right posterior medial-frontal gyrus | 9, −10, 62 | 3.94 |
|
.017 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Right middle frontal gyrus | 24, 41, 32 | 4.17 |
|
.012 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Left precentral gyrus (BA 44) | −57, −7, 35 | 3.65 |
|
.210 | - |
| Left superior medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyrus | −6, 29, 38 | 3.51 |
|
.031 | EF < NONE |
| Left anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24) | −12, 38, 17 | 4.12 |
|
.073 | - |
| Right mid-cingulate gyrus (BA 33) | 9, −19, 35 | 3.71 |
|
.003 † | EF < NONE |
| Left precuneus | −12, −46, 65 | 4.10 |
|
.095 | - |
| Left inferior parietal lobule | −39, −52, 47 | 3.72 |
|
.020 | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Right inferior parietal lobule (hIP1/hIP3) | 42, −55, 50 | 3.19 |
|
.133 | - |
| Right supramarginal gyrus (hiP2/PF/PFm) | 42, −40, 38 | 4.32 |
|
.051 | - |
| Left middle temporal gyrus | −54, −28, −4 | 3.23 |
|
.020 | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Right inferior temporal gyrus | 54, −46, −4 | 3.44 |
|
< .001 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Left hippocampus | −36, −16, −13 | 3.53 |
|
.014 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Right lingual gyrus (hOc1/hOc2) | 3, −82, 2 | 4.01 |
|
.106 | - |
| Thalamus (temporal/prefrontal) | −3, −10, 5 | 3.64 |
|
.051 | - |
| Right thalamus (premotor/motor) | 21, −16, 14 | 4.30 |
|
.005 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Left putamen | −27, −1, −10 | 3.64 |
|
.012 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Right cerebellum (VI) | 24, −67, −16 | 3.97 |
|
.006 † | EF < REW/EF, NONE |
| Error Processing ADHD-EF > HC | |||||
| Right middle orbital gyrus (Fo3) | 24, 32, −13 | 5.26 |
|
.069 | - |
| Rectal gyrus (Fp2/Fo1) | 0, 56, −10 | 3.93 |
|
.187 | - |
| Left posterior cingulate/precuneus | 0, −55, 17 | 4.57 |
|
.040 | EF > NONE |
| Left nucleus accumbens | −15, 8, −7 | 3.77 |
|
.027 | EF > NONE |
| Reward Prospect HC > ADHD-EF | |||||
| Left middle occipital gyrus (hOc4lp/hOc3v/hOc4v) | −24, −91, 5 | 3.54 |
|
.110 | |
| Effort to Obtain Reward ADHD-EF > HC | |||||
| Right posterior medial frontal gyrus (4a) | 7, −22, 59 | 4.74 |
|
.185 | - |
For sparkline graphs, the initial grey datapoint represents the Cohen’s d effect size from a supplemental two-sample t test that compared non-ADHD to all of the ADHD participants. Afterwards, subgroups ADHD-EF, ADHD-EF/REW, and ADHD-NONE are depicted (left-to-right). All sparkline values on this table are scaled relative to the maximum Cohen’s d=1.16 found across all four fMRI task conditions for the ADHD-EF subgroup.