. 2018 Aug 8;8(8):e020665. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020665

Table 4.

Clinical features of the study population according to haemoglobin A1c categories

	ADA criteria			P values	Our proposed criteria			P values
	<5.7%	5.7%–6.4%	≥6.5%	P values	<5.5%	5.5%–6.1%	≥6.1%	P values
N	494	78	9		374	191	16
Age (years)	20.30 (0.13)	19.28 (0.33)*	22.11 (0.86)†	0.001	20.38 (0.14)	19.67 (0.23)*	21.33 (0.90)	0.010
Sex (M/F)	253/241	49/29	6/3	0.115	189/185	108/83	11/5	0.176
BMI (kg/m²)	25.41 (0.24)	27.53 (0.83)*	28.73 (2.82)	<0.001	25.03 (0.26)	26.90 (6.46)*	28.65 (2.11)†	<0.001
WC (cm)	84.4 (0.6)	89.7 (2.1)*	97.7 (7.8)†	<0.001	83.4 (0.7)	88.5 (1.12)*	94.0 (5.6)†	<0.001
SBP (mm Hg)‡	114.7 (0.5)	114.5 (1.2)	127.5 (3.6)†§	0.002	114.6 (0.6)	115.1 (0.8)	119.2 (2.7)	0.251
DBP (mm Hg)‡	72.9 (0.39)	75.2 (1.0)	81.7 (2.9)†	0.003	72.3 (0.5)	74.9 (0.6)¶	78.3 (2.2)**	<0.001
FBG (mmol/L)‡	4.85 (0.03)	4.99 (0.08)	9.24 (0.23)†§	<0.001	4.82 (0.04)	4.94 (0.06)	7.61 (0.19)**††	<0.001
2hBG (mmol/l)‡	5.87 (0.07)	6.46 (0.18)*	16.43 (0.51)†§	<0.001	5.80 (0.09)	6.15 (0.12)	12.89 (0.41)**††	<0.001
IFG, n (%)	16 (3.2)	8 (10.3)*	4 (44.4)†§	<0.001	6 (1.6)	15 (7.9)¶	7 (43.8)**††	<0.001
IGT, n (%)	24 (5.0)	9 (12.0)*	2 (22.2)†§	<0.001	16 (4.4)	17 (9.2)¶	2 (12.5)**††	<0.001
Pre-diabetes, n (%)	39 (8.1)	16 (21.3)*	2 (22.2)†	<0.001	22 (6.1)	30 (16.3)¶	4 (25.0)**	<0.001
T2DM, n (%)	1 (0.2)	2 (2.6)	7 (77.8%)†§	<0.001	0 (0%)	1 (0.5%)	9 (56.3%)**††	<0.001
Ln FINS (mIU/L)‡‡	1.92 (0.03)	1.97 (0.07)	2.64 (0.21)†§	0.003	1.92 (0.03)	1.95 (0.04)	2.13 (0.16)	0.421
Ln 2h-INS (mU/L)‡‡	3.58 (0.03)	3.76 (0.09)	3.73 (0.30)	0.164	3.60 (0.04)	3.60 (0.06)	3.76 (0.21)	0.778
Ln HOMA-IR‡‡	0.38 (0.02)	0.46 (0.07)	1.58 (0.22)†§	<0.001	0.38 (0.03)	0.42 (0.05)	0.91 (0.17)**††	0.007
Ln HOMA-β‡‡	4.66 (0.03)	4.63 (0.07)	4.30 (0.22)	0.280	4.68 (0.03)	4.64 (0.04)	4.09 (0.16)**††	0.002
Ln ISI‡‡	1.81 (0.02)	1.72 (0.06)	0.95 (0.21)†§	<0.001	1.81 (0.03)	1.79 (0.04)	1.45 (0.15)**††	0.068
Ln IGI‡‡	0.25 (0.04)	0.12 (0.09)	−1.20 (0.3)†§	<0.001	0.30 (0.04)	0.14 (0.06)¶	−1.14 (0.22)**††	<0.001
Ln DI_O‡‡	2.06 (0.03)	1.84 (0.09)*	−0.21 (0.32)†§	<0.001	2.11 (0.04)	1.92 (0.06)¶	0.38 (0.21)**††	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)‡	2.50 (0.03)	2.62 (0.08)	3.47 (0.24)†§	<0.001	2.49 (0.04)	2.58 (0.05)	2.95 (0.18)**	0.022
HDL-C (mmol/L)‡	1.43 (0.01)	1.45 (0.03)	1.35 (0.10)	0.609	1.44 (0.02)	1.42 (0.02)	1.50 (0.07)	0.576
TC (mmol/L)‡	4.30 (0.04)	4.56 (0.10)*	5.55 (0.33)†§	<0.001	4.30 (0.05)	4.40 (0.07)	5.12 (0.24)**††	0.003
TG (mmol/L)‡	1.10 (0.04)	1.29 (0.09)	2.24 (0.26)†§	<0.001	1.08 (0.04)	1.12 (0.06)	2.30 (0.20)**††	<0.001
Ln CRP (mg/L)‡‡	0.09 (0.05)	0.45 (0.14)*	−0.03 (0.39)	0.043	0.015 (0.061)	0.34 (0.084)¶	0.283 (0.302)	0.008
Obesity, n (%)	152 (30.8)	32 (41.0)	5 (55.6)	0.134	108 (29.0)	72 (37.7)	9 (56.3)	0.024
MS, n (%)	61 (12.4)	16 (20.8)	7 (77.8)†§	<0.001	39 (10.5)	36 (18.8)¶	9 (60.0)**††	<0.001

*<5.7% vs 5.7%–6.4%.

†< 5.7% vs >6.4%.

‡Adjusted for age, sex and BMI.

§5.7%–6.4% vs >6.4%.

¶<5.5% vs 5.5%–6.1%.

**<5.5% vs >6.1%.

††5.5%–6.1% vs >6.1%.

‡‡Log transformed and adjust for age, sex and BMI; data were shown as mean (SE) or number (percentage).

2hBG, 2-hour blood glucose; 2hINS, 2-hour insulin; ADA, American Diabetes Association; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reacting protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DI_O, Oral Disposition Index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, the index of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGI, Insulinogenic Index; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; ISI, Insulin Sensitivity Index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.