TABLE. National and state-specific prevalence of opioid use disorder per 1,000 delivery hospitalizations* — National Inpatient Sample (NIS)† and State Inpatient Database,§ Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), 1999–2014.
| State | Year |
Average annual rate change¶ | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
|
National
|
1.5
|
1.1
|
1.0
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
1.4
|
1.6
|
2.1
|
2.1
|
2.4
|
2.9
|
3.9
|
3.9
|
4.9
|
5.7
|
6.5
|
0.39
|
| Arizona |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
4.7 |
5.2 |
0.28 |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
0.25 |
| California |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
— |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
— |
— |
— |
0.01 |
| Colorado |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
3.6 |
0.20 |
| District of Columbia |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
0.6 |
0.7 |
—** |
| Florida |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
4.1 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
6.3 |
6.6 |
0.58 |
| Georgia |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
0.39 |
| Hawaii |
— |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
0.09 |
| Iowa |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
0.10 |
| Kentucky |
— |
0.4 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
5.1 |
6.1 |
7.2 |
9.5 |
14 |
15.7 |
19.3 |
1.55 |
| Maine |
0.7 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
4.0 |
— |
— |
9.4 |
10.7 |
13.5 |
21.7 |
26.2 |
27.8 |
34.1 |
— |
— |
4.13 |
| Maryland |
8.2 |
6.7 |
7.6 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.6 |
7.1 |
6.9 |
7.7 |
8.8 |
9.1 |
10.9 |
11.8 |
11.7 |
0.27 |
| Massachusetts |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.7 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
6.5 |
6.9 |
8.3 |
8.8 |
9.6 |
12.2 |
13.1 |
— |
0.90 |
| Michigan |
— |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
6.2 |
7.7 |
0.55 |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4.4 |
—** |
| Mississippi |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
1.9 |
1.6 |
— |
— |
— |
—** |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
0.08 |
| Nevada |
— |
— |
— |
0.6 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
4.5 |
0.33 |
| New Jersey |
4.1 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
3.4 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
0.08 |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3.8 |
3.9 |
5.5 |
7.6 |
10.6 |
13.6 |
14.8 |
2.47 |
| New York |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
4.2 |
4.9 |
0.20 |
| North Carolina |
— |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
4.9 |
6.4 |
7.8 |
0.64 |
| Oregon |
1.2 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
5.7 |
6.9 |
8.4 |
0.49 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
4.1 |
3.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
3.1 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.9 |
6.1 |
7.4 |
7.2 |
8.0 |
10.2 |
0.51 |
| South Carolina |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
4.4 |
— |
0.34 |
| South Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
0.29 |
| Utah |
— |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
3.7 |
0.25 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
0.5 |
2.4 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
7.6 |
12.9 |
14.6 |
19.0 |
28.5 |
27.1 |
33.8 |
43.7 |
51.1 |
48.6 |
5.37 |
| Washington |
1.2 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
5.3 |
6.9 |
7.1 |
8.5 |
10.8 |
0.71 |
| West Virginia |
— |
0.6 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
4.2 |
6.8 |
7.1 |
8.2 |
10.1 |
11.2 |
15.3 |
21.3 |
29.8 |
32.1 |
2.83 |
| Wisconsin | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 0.65 |
* Prevalence numerator consisted of cases of opioid type dependence and nondependent opioid abuse based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes (304.00–304.03, 304.70–304.73, 305.50–305.53), and denominator consisted of national and state delivery hospitalization discharges.
† Includes data from all states participating in HCUP each year (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/partners.jsp?NIS), weighted to produce national estimates. Rates through 2011 are weighted with trend weights, and rates 2012 and after are weighted using original NIS discharge weights to account for the change in NIS design in 2012.
§ Includes 30 states and the District of Columbia with publically available data. Availability of data ranged from 14 states in 1999 to 28 states in 2011.
¶ Estimated average annual change in the prevalence rate of opioid use disorder diagnoses per 1,000 delivery hospitalizations; all estimates were significant (p<0.05).
** Insufficient data (<3 years) to assess linear trend.