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. 2018 Aug 13;8:12076. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30510-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) plot illustrating the chicken cecal microbiota beta-diversity of all groups (PBS-treated, C. jejuni-challenged (CC) chickens, low (ECpGL) and high dose (ECpGH) of PLGA-encapsulated CpG-ODN-treated, low (LL) and high dose (LH) of C. jejuni lysate-treated, and unchallenged control (UC) chickens). Chickens were treated orally at 14 days post-hatch with a low (5 µg) or high dose (25 µg) of encapsulated CpG ODN, or a low or high dose of C. jejuni lysate, or received PBS as a placebo, and were orally challenged with 10⁷ CFUs of C. jejuni at 15 days post-hatch. At 22 days post-challenge with C. jejuni, chickens were necropsied and cecal contents were collected for analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant.