Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for normative perception, psychological reactance, and alcohol use variables overall and by study condition
| Variable | Overall M (SD) | C0 no spinner; single PNF M (SD) | C1 single spinner; single PNF M (SD) | C2 double spinner; single PNF M (SD) | C3 double spinner; double PNF M (SD) |
| Time 1 drinking norms | |||||
| Average occasion | 4.48 (1.74) | 4.68 (1.93) | 4.18 (1.53) | 4.67 (1.67) | 4.40 (1.80) |
| Maximum occasion | 7.20 (2.26) | 7.40 (2.52) | 6.59 (1.98) | 7.69 (2.48) | 7.06 (1.86) |
| Binge episodes | 2.31 (1.34) | 2.29 (1.42) | 2.21 (1.29) | 2.28 (1.43) | 2.47 (1.39) |
| Drinking norms, z | 0.00 (0.83) | 0.05 (0.89) | -0.16 (0.74) | 0.08 (0.84) | 0.02 (0.83) |
| Time 1 alcohol consumption | |||||
| Average occasion | 4.96 (2.11) | 5.00 (2.15) | 4.91 (2.18) | 5.06 (2.10) | 4.87 (2.09) |
| Maximum occasion | 7.52 (2.70) | 7.14 (2.94) | 7.81 (2.66) | 7.81 (2.66) | 8.03 (2.60) |
| Binge episodes | 2.31 (1.34) | 2.09 (1.12) | 2.34 (1.33) | 2.33 (1.47) | 2.51 (1.44) |
| Alcohol use, z | 0.00 (0.90) | -0.09 (0.90) | -0.04 (0.89) | 0.06 (0.89) | 0.09 (0.90) |
| Time 1 post-PNF reactance | |||||
| Cognitive reactance | 3.25 (1.13)** | 4.04 (1.10)a | 3.26 (0.92)b | 3.10 (0.96)b | 2.61 (1.10)c |
| Emotional reactance | 2.30 (1.58) | 2.61 (1.48) | 2.49 (1.55) | 2.00 (1.48) | 2.14 (1.61) |
| Time 2 drinking norms | |||||
| Average occasion | 3.28 (1.71) | 3.59 (2.13) | 3.12 (1.05) | 3.03 (1.40) | 3.41 (2.06) |
| Maximum occasion | 5.14 (2.33) | 5.15 (2.78) | 5.00 (1.79) | 5.17 (2.38) | 5.24 (2.33) |
| Binge episodes | 1.53 (1.40) | 1.74 (1.58) | 1.53 (1.16) | 1.36 (1.15) | 1.71 (1.40) |
| Drinking norms, z | -0.71 (0.87) | -.61 (1.03) | -0.78 (0.62) | -0.81 (0.79) | -0.64 (0.98) |
| Time 3 alcohol use | |||||
| Average occasion | 3.57 (2.24) | 4.18 (2.86) | 3.97 (1.99) | 3.06 (2.07) | 3.09 (1.76) |
| Maximum occasion | 5.30 (3.20) | 5.71 (3.90) | 5.82 (2.99) | 5.19 (3.15) | 4.50 (2.51) |
| Binge episodes | 1.53 (1.40) | 2.03 (1.73) | 1.62 (1.35) | 1.28 (1.14) | 1.20 (1.22) |
| Alcohol use, z | -0.69 (1.04) | -0.42 (1.32) | -0.53 (0.96) | -0.85 (0.92) | -0.94 (0.83) |
Notes: Variables with significant between-condition differences in unadjusted means are marked with asterisks in the “overall” column. C = Condition; PNF = personalized normative feedback.
**
p < .01; unadjusted means not sharing a common superscript differ from each other at the p < .05 level after applying the Holm-Bonferroni sequential correction.