Table I.
Clinical data.
| Characteristics | Healthy (n=50) | T2D without DN (normoalbuminuria, n=50) | T2D with DN (n=50) | T2D with DN (microalbuminuria subgroup, n=29) | T2D with DN (macroalbuminuria subgroup, n=21) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56±5.2 | 62±10.7a | 64.5±6.3a | 62.5±6.5 | 67.0±5.4c,d |
| Male | 22 | 25 | 24 | 16 | 8c |
| Female | 28 | 25 | 26 | 13 | 13 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.2±4.1 | 24.8±4.4 | 26.3±5.2a | 26.7±5.1 | 25.8±4.7 |
| Mean blood pressure (mm Hg) | 83.9±2.5 | 88.8±10.2 | 96.2±12.6a,b | 92.8±10.5 | 99.5±13.4c,d |
| FG (mmol/l) | 4.3±0.6 | 8.6±2.1a | 8.7±1.2a | 8.6±1.4 | 8.8±1.1c,d |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.9±0.7 | 8.9±2.2a | 9.3±1.8a | 8.1±1.1 | 10.6±1.4c,d |
| Diabetes duration | – | 15±4.5 | 17.5±4.6 | 16.4±4.4 | 19.0±4.1c,d |
| Albuminuria (mg/day) | 5.4±1.7 | 5.5±1.9 | 223±117.9a,b | 113.4±52.2 | 332.8±28.7c,d |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.9±0.4 | 0.94±0.5 | 28.3±12.0a,b | 22.2±15.8 | 34.3±7.7c,d |
| Serum creatinine (µm/l) | 54.7±11.7 | 64.7±15.7a | 119.2±45.8a,b | 121.2±41.1 | 176.8±41.2c,d |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 104.3±13.2 | 94±8.1 | 66.0±14.8a,b | 78.2±14.1 | 53.7±7.7c,d |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 2.14±0.8 | 2.62±1.1 | 4.4±1.5a,b | 3.7±1.2 | 4.3±1.0c,d |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.3±0.2 | 1.26±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | 1.4±0.2 | 1.2±0.3 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.6±0.6 | 1.6±0.5 | 2.5±1.3a,b | 1.8±1.3 | 3.2±1.1c,d |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.02±0.8 | 4.4±1a | 4.6±1.1a,b | 4.3±1.2 | 4.9±0.9c,d |
T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; DN, diabetic nephropathy; BMI, body mass index; FG, fasting glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
a
P<0.05 vs. healthy controls
b
P<0.05 vs. T2D
c
P<0.05 vs. microalbuminuria.
d
P<0.05 vs. microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria. Values are expressed as n (%) for categorical data or as the mean ± standard deviation for parametrically distributed data.