Table 1.
Summary of previous studies of association between basic values and indicators of alcohol consumption at the individual level.
| Study | Conservation | Self-Transcendence | Openness to Change | Self-Enhancement | Type of sample | Measure of alcohol consumption | Values instrument | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE | CO | TR | BE | UN | SD | ST | HE | AC | PO | ||||
| Kropp et al., 1999 | – | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | + | ns | ns | ns | 257 students from USA, Canada, and Australia | The fact of beer drinking | * Non-Schwartz List of Values scale |
| Schwartz et al., 2001 | – | – | – | ns | ns | + | + | + | ns | ns | South African national sample, 3210 | Number of brands of alcoholic beverages ever used | PVQ-29 |
| Dollinger and Kobayashi, 2003 | – | – | – | – | – | + | + | + | ns | + | 156 US midwestern university students | Ever had a drinking binge + ever drove drunk | SVS-56 |
| Kropp et al., 2004 | – | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | + | ns | – | – | 692 university students from South Korea, Canada, Australia, and USA | Positive attitude toward drinking | *Non-Schwartz List of Values scale |
| Cole et al., 2007 | – | ns | ns | ns | – | ns | Ns | ns | ns | + | 689 Bahamian sixth-grade students | If ever tried alcohol | PVQ-39 |
| Ramírez and Musitu, 2008 | ns | – | – | ns | ns | ns | + | + | ns | ns | 350 Mexican adolescents | AUDIT scale combining frequency, quantity and problem drinking (WHO, 2001) | SVS-57 |
| Lam, 2010 | –* | –* | –* | –* | –* | +* | +* | ns | ns* | ns* | 1,385 secondary school students in Hong Kong | Frequency of drinking | PVQ-40 |
| Sheppard, 2011, p. 104 | – | – | – | – | – | ns | + | + | + | + | 910 US southeastern students | Attitudes toward drinking | PVQ-40 |
| Anderson, 2012 | NA | – | – | ns | ns | NA | ns | + | NA | ns | 131 US college students | Absence of intention to drink moderately | PVQ-40 |
| Nordfjærn and Brunborg, 2015 (Table 6) | ns | – | – | ns | – | ns | ns | + | + | ns | 3,179 Norwegians aged 40 to 79 | Combined frequency and quantity of consumption | PVQ-21 |
| Share of ns | 3/9 | 3/10 | 3/10 | 7/10 | 5/10 | 6/9 | 3/10 | 4/10 | 6/9 | 6/10 | |||
The coefficients themselves are not reported because they come from different statistical procedures, and therefore are not comparable.
*
The higher-order values were used, i.e., Openness to Change, Self-Transcendence, etc. ns, Not significant. NA, was not assessed. SE, security; CO, conformity; TR, tradition; BE, benevolence; UN, universalism; SD, self-direction; ST, stimulation; HE, hedonism; AC, achievement; PO, power.