Salmonella Typhimurium enhances muscarinic receptor mRNA gene expression. mRNA gene expression was quantified utilizing two step reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for cholinergic muscarinic receptors 1, 2, 3 and cholinergic nicotinic receptor alpha 7 subunit (CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, and CHRNA7 respectively). The data are presented as 2-ΔΔCT in gene expression relative to control group, normalized to beta-actin (ACTB) before statistical analysis. n = 6 controls and 6 challenged per bar. Student’s t-test compared controls vs S. Typhimurium challenge of each cholinergic receptor. * = p<0.05.