Table 2.
Correlates of cord blood leptin and insulin levels
| Leptin | Insulin | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % change (SE) | p-value | % change (SE) | p-value | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age, years | 8.4% (4.4) | 0.06 | 3.8% (4.2) | 0.36 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 13.6% (4.4) | 0.002 | 5.6% (4.2) | 0.19 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||
| < 18.5 kg/m2 | − 38.5% (31.9) | 0.08 | 14.9% (30.6) | 0.60 |
| 18.5–25 kg/m2 | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| 25–30 kg/m3 | 24.3% (11.7) | 0.05 | 17.7% (11.3) | 0.13 |
| > 30 kg/m2 | 38.9% (16.7) | 0.03 | 14.7% (16.1) | 0.36 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | − 9.5% (16) | 0.50 | − 3.8% (15.2) | 0.78 |
| Highest educational level in the family | ||||
| Lower high school | − 6.4% (18.9) | 0.70 | 25% (17.8) | 0.18 |
| Higher high school | − 8.1% (10.6) | 0.40 | 7.7% (10) | 0.43 |
| College/University | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 children | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| 1 child | − 2.2% (10.3) | 0.82 | 6.1% (9.7) | 0.52 |
| ≥ 2 children | − 2.1% (13.1) | 0.86 | 25.8% (12.3) | 0.05 |
| Newborn characteristics | ||||
| Boys | − 37% (8.7) | <0.0001 | − 11.8% (8.7) | 0.13 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Belgian | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| European | 0.3% (17.4) | 0.98 | 10.1% (16.2) | 0.52 |
| Non-European | 2.3% (12.2) | 0.84 | 34.7% (11.3) | 0.01 |
| Gestational age, weeks | ||||
| Birth weight, grams | 22% (4.2) | 0.03 | 9.3% (4.2) | 0.03 |
| Large for gestational age | 68.2% (14.6) | 0.0002 | 39.7% (13.9) | 0.01 |
| Small for gestational age | − 23.5% (17) | 0.09 | − 34.6% (16.2) | 0.01 |
The mean (SE) effects are represented as a relative % change in the cord blood hormone levels for a SD change in the continuous variable or compared to a reference category for the class variables