Table 4.

Cow- and herd-related variables associated with severe hock lesions (HL) in four multivariable mixed-effect logistic regression sub-models

Sub-model/variable	β	SE	OR	CI	P-value
Sub-model 1: cow-level factors (n = 936)
Breed
Swedish Holstein (SH)	Ref
Swedish Red (SR)	− 0.76	0.24	0.47	0.29–0.75	0.002
SH × SR	− 0.49	0.34	0.61	0.31–1.19	0.149
DIM (days)
0–90	Ref
91–180	0.53	0.25	1.31	1.05–2.76	0.031
180–305	0.88	0.24	1.87	1.49–3.88	< 0.001
> 305	0.11	0.34	1.11	0.58–2.15	0.745
Parity
First parity	Ref
Second parity	− 0.24	0.25	0.79	0.49–1.28	0.34
Third or higher parity	0.68	0.22	1.96	1.29–3.0	0.002
Registered hoof disorder of any type (registered at hoof trimmings within 90 days from herd visit)
No	Ref
Yes	0.75	0.29	2.11	1.19–3.74	0.011
Hoof trimming records not available	0.24	0.29	1.28	0.72–2.27	0.408
Sub-model 2: general herd and housing-related factors (n = 880 cows)
Average milk production (kg ECM/cow and year) a
< 9800	Ref
≥ 9800	0.51	0.24	1.66	1.04–2.65	0.032
Cubicle width
Below recommendation	Ref
As recommended	− 0.80	0.24	0.45	0.28–0.73	0.001
Production system
Conventional	Ref
Organic	− 1.07	0.33	0.34	0.18–0.66	0.001
Sub-model 3: management-related factors (n = 936 cows)
Type of milking parlor
Herringbone	Ref
Tandem	− 0.84	0.27	0.43	0.25–0.74	0.002
Sub-model 4: herd health-related factors (n = 897 cows)
Heifers > 17 months not inseminated (%)a
0–16	Ref
≥ 17	− 0.59	0.25	0.55	0.34–0.91	0.02
Presence of ectoparasites in cows during the last year according to farm owner/staff
No	Ref
Yes	0.73	0.25	2.01	1.26–3.43	0.004

β regression coefficients, OR odds ratio, CI 95% confidence interval, Ref reference level

^aBased on data from the Swedish Official Milk Recording Scheme for the 12 months preceding the herd visit