Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the pooled sample and separately for adolescents without depression (control group) and adolescents with depression at baseline, and differences between these groups (reference category = control group)
| All (n = 375) | Adolescents without depression (n = 182) | Adolescents with depression (n = 193) | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Males (ref.) | 19.7 (74) | 22.0 (40) | 17.6 (34) | 1.00 | – |
| Females | 80.3 (301) | 78.0 (142) | 82.4 (159) | 1.32 | 0.79–2.19 |
| Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | t test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescence | |||||
| Number of concurrent somatic symptoms | 2.21 (2.36) | 1.27 (1.76) | 3.10 (2.50) | p < 0.001 | |
| Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 27.5 (103) | 41.7 (76) | 14.0 (27) | ||
| 1 | 23.2 (87) | 26.4 (48) | 20.2 (39) | ||
| 2–4 | 34.4 (129) | 27.5 (50) | 40.9 (79) | ||
| ≥5 | 14.9 (56) | 4.4 (8) | 24.9 (48) | 59.06 | < 0.001 |
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent anxiety | 28.0 (105) | 7.1 (13) | 47.7 (92) | 11.84*** | 6.30–22.25 |
| Conflicts between parents | 20.8 (78) | 11.5 (21) | 29.5 (57) | 3.21*** | 1.85–5.57 |
| Conflicts with parents | 19.5 (73) | 7.7 (14) | 30.6 (59) | 5.28*** | 2.83–9.87 |
| Physical abuse | 12.3 (46) | 6.0 (11) | 18.1 (35) | 3.44** | 1.69–7.01 |
| Economic hardship | 6.9 (26) | 1.7 (3) | 11.9 (23) | 8.07** | 2.38–27.38 |
| Parental unemployment | 11.5 (43) | 6.6 (12) | 16.1 (31) | 2.71** | 1.35–5.46 |
| Somatic illness | 20.3 (76) | 13.7 (25) | 26.4 (51) | 2.26** | 1.33–3.83 |
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adulthood | |||||
| Any hospital-based mental health care diagnosis | 15.2 (57) | 8.8 (16) | 21.2 (41) | 2.80** | 1.51–5.19 |
| F10–F19 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 2.1 (8) | 1.7 (3) | 2.6 (5) | 1.59 | 0.37–6.74 |
| F20–F29 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders | 0.5 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 1.0 (2) | – | – |
| F30–F39 Mood disorders | 7.2 (27) | 4.4 (8) | 9.8 (19) | 2.38* | 1.01–5.57 |
| F40–F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders | 9.1 (34) | 6.6 (12) | 11.4 (22) | 1.82 | 0.87–3.80 |
| F50–F59 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors | 1.9 (7) | 1.7 (3) | 2.1 (4) | 1.26 | 0.28–5.72 |
| F60–F69 Disorders of adult personality and behavior | 1.6 (6) | 1.1 (2) | 2.1 (4) | 1.90 | 0.34–10.53 |
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05