Table 6.
Estimated parameters from repeated mixed-effects regressions on selected outcomes
| Pedometer | YPAS -Total time | YPAS - Energy expenditure | YPAS -Activity dimensions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| Intervention (ref = control) | 80.7 | −553.5715.0 | 0.6 | −0.5,1.7 | 146.3 | − 136.9429.5 | 2.5 | −1.1,6.1 |
| Month | ||||||||
| 1 | − 355 | −963.3253.4 | −0.2 | −1.1,0.6 | − 51.5 | −278.1175.1 | 5.8*** | 2.6,9.0 |
| 12 | 5090.4*** | 4440.6,5740.1 | 0 | −0.9,0.9 | −24.6 | − 266.8217.5 | 3.3 | − 0.1,6.7 |
| 24 | 7492.2*** | 6796.0,8188.3 | 0.6 | −0.3,1.6 | 93.6 | −156.7343.9 | 6.7*** | 3.2,10.2 |
| Group x month | ||||||||
| Treatment × 1 | 661.8 | −210.5,1534.1 | −0.1 | −1.3,1.1 | −42.8 | − 369.0,283.5 | − 1.6 | −6.3,3.0 |
| Treatment × 12 | 1094.3* | 168.4,2020.2 | −0.6 | −1.9,0.7 | −173.1 | − 518.5172.2 | − 0.2 | −5.0,4.7 |
| Treatment × 24 | 831.8 | − 145.4,1808.9 | 0.1 | − 1.2,1.4 | 49.5 | −303.5402.4 | − 0.9 | −5.8,4.1 |
| Age | − 889.3*** | − 1319.6,-459.1 | −2.5*** | − 3.3,-1.6 | − 558.4*** | −784.1,-332.6 | −3.0* | −5.5,-0.5 |
| Female (ref = male) | − 666.1* | − 1180.5,-151.7 | 2.2*** | 1.1,3.2 | 258 | −12.7528.7 | − 4.4** | −7.5,-1.4 |
| Education (ref = no schooling) | ||||||||
| ≤ 8th grade | −158.2 | − 776.7460.3 | 0.8 | − 0.4,2.1 | 213.7 | − 109.0,536.3 | 4.3* | 0.7,7.9 |
| Some high school or more/other | −248.3 | − 906.9410.3 | 1.8** | 0.4,3.2 | 423.8* | 78.9768.7 | 4.9* | 1.0,8.8 |
| Marital status (ref = never married) | ||||||||
| Married | −56.9 | − 754.0,640.3 | 0.8 | −0.7,2.2 | 271.5 | −95.7638.6 | 2 | −2.1,6.2 |
| Separated/divorced | −44 | − 756.9668.8 | 0.2 | − 1.3,1.6 | 36.4 | − 337.0,409.8 | 4.4* | 0.2,8.6 |
| Widowed | 236.7 | − 431.1904.5 | 0.2 | −1.2,1.6 | 30.2 | −319.6380.0 | 0.1 | −3.8,4.0 |
| Income (ref = less than $20,000) | ||||||||
| $20,000 or more | 63.5 | − 512.9640.0 | −0.2 | −1.4,1.1 | 16.8 | − 290.4324.0 | 0.1 | −3.3,3.6 |
| Missing | 490.4 | −241.0,1221.7 | −0.9 | −2.4,0.7 | − 225.3 | − 610.6159.9 | −2 | −6.3,2.3 |
| Medical comorbidities | −180.6* | −328.8,-32.5 | − 0.1 | − 0.4,0.2 | −40.4 | − 117.9,37.1 | −0.3 | −1.2,0.6 |
| Body mass index (ref = underweight/normal) | ||||||||
| Overweight | − 455 | − 1054.8144.9 | 0.2 | −1.1,1.5 | 52.9 | − 263.6369.5 | − 1.7 | −5.2,1.9 |
| Obese | − 605.0* | − 1197.7,-12.4 | − 0.1 | − 1.3,1.1 | −45.3 | − 358.5267.9 | −1.9 | − 5.4,1.6 |
| SF-12 Physical | 23.8* | 2.3,45.4 | 0.1*** | 0.1,0.2 | 32.6*** | 21.3,44.0 | 0.3*** | 0.2,0.4 |
| SF-12 Mental | 7.1 | −12.7,26.9 | 0.1* | 0.0,0.1 | 10.2 | −0.2,20.7 | 0 | −0.1,0.1 |
| Acculturation | −28.1 | − 195.0,138.9 | 0 | −0.3,0.4 | 31.7 | −56.4119.8 | −0.5 | −1.5,0.5 |
| Intercept | 3642.0*** | 1742.4,5541.6 | 1.2 | −2.7,5.2 | 223.2 | −771.6,1218.0 | 24.6*** | 13.4,35.8 |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept | 7.2*** | 7.0,7.4 | 1.4*** | 1.3,1.5 | 6.9*** | 6.8,7.0 | 2.3*** | 2.1,2.4 |
| Residual | 8.2*** | 8.1,8.2 | 1.6*** | 1.6,1.7 | 7.2*** | 7.2,7.3 | 3.0*** | 2.9,3.0 |
| Sample size | 1780 | 1955 | 1955 | 1953 | ||||
| ERA - Total score | ERA - Physical health scale | ERA - Mental health scale | ERA - Cognitive function scale | |||||
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| Intervention (ref = control) | −1.4 | −4.6,1.8 | −1 | −4.7,2.8 | −3 | −7.2,1.2 | −0.2 | −4.1,3.6 |
| Month | ||||||||
| 1 | 3.4** | 1.0,5.8 | 4.0** | 1.0,7.1 | 3.5* | 0.3,6.6 | 2.8 | −0.1,5.8 |
| 12 | 2.5 | −0.0,5.1 | 3.3 | −0.0,6.6 | 1.6 | −1.8,5.0 | 2.6 | −0.6,5.8 |
| 24 | 3.6** | 0.9,6.2 | 4.4* | 1.0,7.8 | 5.7** | 2.2,9.2 | 0.6 | −2.6,3.9 |
| Group x month | ||||||||
| Treatment × 1 | 1.8 | −1.6,5.3 | 1.9 | −2.6,6.3 | 3.6 | −0.9,8.2 | 0 | −4.3,4.2 |
| Treatment × 12 | 4.2* | 0.6,7.8 | 2.3 | −2.4,7.0 | 9.7*** | 4.9,14.5 | 0.8 | −3.7,5.3 |
| Treatment × 24 | 3.2 | −0.5,6.9 | 3.6 | −1.1,8.4 | 4.8 | −0.1,9.8 | 1.2 | −3.4,5.8 |
| Age | −6.0*** | −8.8,-3.3 | −6.7*** | −9.7,-3.8 | −6.1*** | −9.6,-2.6 | −5.3*** | −8.5,-2.2 |
| Female (ref = male) | 4.9** | 1.6,8.2 | 2.7 | −0.8,6.3 | 8.5*** | 4.3,12.7 | 3.4 | −0.4,7.2 |
| Education (ref = no schooling) | ||||||||
| ≤ 8th grade | 7.9*** | 4.0,11.8 | 7.9*** | 3.6,12.1 | 10.3*** | 5.3,15.3 | 5.4* | 1.0,9.9 |
| Some high school or more/other | 12.3*** | 8.1,16.4 | 10.4*** | 5.9,14.9 | 17.6*** | 12.3,23.0 | 8.9*** | 4.1,13.7 |
| Marital status (ref = never married) | ||||||||
| Married | −1.2 | −5.6,3.3 | −2.3 | −7.1,2.5 | 0.8 | −4.9,6.4 | −2.3 | −7.4,2.9 |
| Separated/divorced | 0.5 | −4.1,5.0 | 0.2 | −4.7,5.1 | 1.8 | −4.0,7.6 | −0.8 | −6.0,4.4 |
| Widowed | 0.3 | −4.0,4.5 | −0.4 | −5.0,4.2 | 1.5 | −3.9,6.9 | −0.4 | −5.3,4.5 |
| Income (ref = less than $20,000) | ||||||||
| $20,000 or more | 1.7 | −2.0,5.5 | 2.6 | −1.4,6.6 | 2.9 | −1.8,7.7 | −0.5 | −4.8,3.7 |
| Missing | 3.1 | −1.6,7.7 | 2.1 | −2.9,7.1 | 5.1 | −0.8,11.1 | 2.1 | −3.2,7.5 |
| Medical comorbidities | −0.6 | −1.5,0.4 | −0.6 | −1.6,0.5 | − 0.6 | −1.8,0.6 | −0.6 | − 1.7,0.5 |
| Body mass index (ref = underweight/normal) | ||||||||
| Overweight | −1.2 | −5.0,2.7 | −3.3 | −7.4,0.9 | −1 | − 5.9,3.9 | 0.8 | −3.6,5.2 |
| Obese | 0.2 | −3.6,4.0 | −0.8 | −4.8,3.3 | 0.1 | − 4.8,4.9 | 1.3 | −3.0,5.7 |
| SF-12 Physical | 0.4*** | 0.3,0.5 | 0.4*** | 0.3,0.6 | 0.5*** | 0.3,0.6 | 0.3*** | 0.1,0.5 |
| SF-12 Mental | 0.4*** | 0.3,0.6 | 0.3*** | 0.1,0.4 | 0.7*** | 0.5,0.8 | 0.3*** | 0.2,0.5 |
| Acculturation | 0.8 | −0.2,1.9 | −0.1 | −1.3,1.0 | 1.3 | −0.1,2.6 | 1.4* | 0.1,2.6 |
| Intercept | −12.2* | −24.2,-0.1 | −3.2 | −16.2,9.8 | −25.6** | −41.0,-10.2 | −7.4 | − 21.2,6.4 |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept | 2.6*** | 2.5,2.7 | 2.6*** | 2.5,2.7 | 2.8*** | 2.7,2.9 | 2.7*** | 2.6,2.8 |
| Residual | 2.7*** | 2.6,2.7 | 2.9*** | 2.9,3.0 | 2.9*** | 2.9,3.0 | 2.9*** | 2.8,2.9 |
| Sample size | 1956 | 1956 | 1956 | 1955 | ||||
| Exercise self-efficacy | Outcome expectation for exercise | |||||||
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |||||
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| Intervention (ref = control) | −0.2 | −0.5,0.2 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Month | ||||||||
| 1 | 0.2 | −0.0,0.4 | 0.2*** | 0.1,0.3 | ||||
| 12 | 0.3* | 0.0,0.5 | 0.2*** | 0.1,0.3 | ||||
| 24 | 0.4** | 0.1,0.6 | 0.3*** | 0.2,0.3 | ||||
| Group x month | ||||||||
| Treatment × 1 | 0.2 | −0.2,0.5 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Treatment × 12 | 0.0 | −0.3,0.4 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Treatment × 24 | 0.4 | −0.0,0.7 | 0.1 | −0.0,0.2 | ||||
| Age | −0.9*** | −1.2,-0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.0 | ||||
| Female (ref = male) | −0.1 | −0.4,0.2 | 0.0 | −0.0,0.1 | ||||
| Education (ref = no schooling) | ||||||||
| ≤ 8th grade | 0.2 | −0.2,0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Some high school or more/other | 0.4 | −0.0,0.8 | −0.1 | − 0.2,0.0 | ||||
| Marital status (ref = never married) | ||||||||
| Married | 0 | −0.5,0.4 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Separated/divorced | 0.2 | −0.2,0.7 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Widowed | −0.2 | −0.6,0.2 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Income (ref = less than $20,000) | ||||||||
| $20,000 or more | 0.2 | −0.1,0.6 | 0.1 | −0.0,0.1 | ||||
| Missing | 0.1 | −0.4,0.6 | 0.1* | 0.0,0.2 | ||||
| Medical comorbidities | −0.1 | −0.2,0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0,0.0 | ||||
| Body mass index (ref = underweight/normal) | ||||||||
| Overweight | −0.3 | −0.7,0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| Obese | −0.3 | −0.7,0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1,0.1 | ||||
| SF-12 Physical | 0.1*** | 0.1,0.1 | 0.0** | 0.0,0.0 | ||||
| SF-12 Mental | 0.0* | 0.0,0.0 | 0.0*** | 0.0,0.0 | ||||
| Acculturation | 0.0 | −0.2,0.1 | 0.0 | −0.0,0.0 | ||||
| Intercept | 5.0*** | 3.8,6.2 | 4.0*** | 3.8,4.3 | ||||
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept | 0.3*** | 0.2,0.3 | −1.4*** | −1.5,-1.3 | ||||
| Residual | 0.4*** | 0.3,0.4 | −0.9*** | −0.9,-0.8 | ||||
| Sample size | 1893 | 1955 | ||||||
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05