Table 3.
Relationships between echocardiographic variables and baseline characteristics in patients, results from univariable and multivariable regression analysis
| Explanatory variable | LV mass | LVEF | GLS | E/é | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable model R2 = 0.23 | Univariable | Multivariable model R2 = 0.19 | Univariable | Multivariable model R2 = 0.24 | Univariable | Multivariable model R2 = 0.18 | |
| β1, R2 | B | β1, R2 | B | β1, R2 | B | β1, R2 | B | |
| Demographic data | ||||||||
| Age, years | 0.4, 0.00 | 0.08, 0.00 | − 0.02, 0.00 | 0.14*, 0.02 | ||||
| Gender = female | − 12.8***, 0.06 | − 8.1** | − 0.04, 0.00 | − 0.91**, 0.03 | − 0.8* | 1.08**, 0.02 | 1.4*** | |
| Smoker/former smoker | 4.2, 0.01 | − 0.8, 0.00 | − 0.27, 0.00 | − 0.30, 0.00 | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1.1***, 0.05 | 1.1*** | − 0.7***, 0.16 | − 0.7*** | 0.17***, 0.10 | 0.2*** | 0.13**, 0.03 | |
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Diabetes duration, years | − 0.1, 0.00 | 0.09, 0.00 | − 0.01, 0.00 | 0.05, 0.00 | ||||
| Angina pectoris | 17.9***,0.04 | − 4.6**, 0.02 | 2.7***, 0.00 | 1.6*** | 1.22, 0.01 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 13.2*, 0.02 | − 3.3, 0.01 | 1.7**, 0.02 | 0.74, 0.00 | ||||
| Coronary revascularization | 16.2**, 0.02 | − 3.0, 0.01 | 1.67**, 0.03 | − 0.37, 0.00 | ||||
| Heart failure | 20.8*, 0.01 | − 12.2***, 0.05 | − 9.6*** | 4.3***, 0.05 | 2.5** | 4.05**, 0.03 | ||
| Hypertension | 3.8, 0.01 | 1.6, 0.01 | − 0.13, 0.00 | 0.60, 0.01 | ||||
| Medication | ||||||||
| Loop diuretics | 6.8, 0.00 | − 5.8***, 0.03 | 1.9**, 0.03 | 2.7***, 0.04 | 2.1** | |||
| Statins | − 3.3, 0.00 | − 0.59, 0.00 | 0.26, 0.00 | 0.28, 0.00 | ||||
| ACEI and/or ARB | 4.2, 0.01 | 0.38, 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.60, 0.01 | ||||
| Calcium channel blocker | 12.9***, 0.04 | 6.6* | − 0.24, 0.00 | 0.27, 0.00 | 0.95*, 0.01 | |||
| β-Blocker | 12.8***, 0.06 | 9.4*** | 0.33, 0.00 | − 0.01, 0.00 | 1.02**, 0.02 | 0.8 | ||
| Laboratory analyses | ||||||||
| HbA1c, % | 0.9, 0.00 | − 1.2**, 0.02 | 0.55***, 0.04 | 0.4** | 0.33, 0.01 | |||
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.2, 0.00 | − 1.4*, 0.01 | 0.43*, 0.01 | 0.38*, 0.01 | 0.4* | |||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | − 1.2, 0.00 | − 0.32, 0.00 | − 0.05, 0.00 | − 0.15, 0.00 | ||||
| Microalbuminuria | 14.8***, 0.05 | 8.4** | − 1.8, 0.01 | 0.49, 0.00 | 1.55**, 0.03 | 1.1* | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 0.3***, 0.04 | 0.2* | 0.02, 0.00 | 0.01, 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | |||
| GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | − 0.1, 0.00 | − 0.03, 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | − 0.01, 0.00 | ||||
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.3***, 0.03 | 0.2* | − 0.02, 0.00 | 0.02**, 0.02 | 0.06***, 0.07 | 0.06*** | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.2, 0.01 | − 0.05, 0.00 | 0.06***, 0.03 | 0.04** | 0.04*, 0.01 | |||
Results from univariable regression Y = β0 + β1*X + ε. Results are presented as estimated regression parameters β1 and p-values (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001) for parameters and R2. Hypothesis tested H0: β0 and β1 = 0 against H1: β0 and β1 ≠ 0. Note that the β0 term is not presented in the table. Final results of multivariable linear regression analysis Y = Β X + ε of LV mass, LVEF and E/é. B is the estimated vector of regression parameters in the multivariable model. ε represents the error-term in the model. Results are presented as estimated regression parameters, p-values for the parameters, and R2, the explained proportion of variation in the outcome variable by the explanatory variables. LV mass are indexed by body surface area. See abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 2