Table 5.
Baseline characteristics, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic results in persons grouped by body mass index (BMI)
| I | II | III | Significance between groups, p < 0.05 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | ||
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | ||
| Patients, n = 48 | Patients, n = 163 | Patients, n = 173 | ||
| Controls, n = 73 | Controls, n = 84 | Controls, n = 27 | ||
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, years | ||||
| Patients | 60.5 (2.8) | 60.8 (3.1) | 60.7 (3.1) | ns |
| Controls | 62.9 (5.8) | 63.8 (5.7) | 64.5 (5.8) | ns |
| Female, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 15 (31.2) | 39 (23.9) | 59 (34.1) | II–III |
| Controls | 44 (60.3) | 36 (42.8) | 11 (40.7) | I–II |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes duration, years | ||||
| Patients | 6.4 (5.8) | 6.4 (5.4) | 6.8 (5.2) | ns |
| Controls | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns |
| Angina, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 4 (8.3) | 10 (6.1) | 25 (14.4) | II–III |
| Controls | 0 | 3 (3.6) | 0 | ns |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 3 (6.2) | 9 (5.5) | 12 (6.9) | ns |
| Controls | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (7.4) | ns |
| Coronary revascularization, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 2 (4.2) | 10 (6.1) | 13 (7.5) | ns |
| Controls | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (7.4) | ns |
| Heart failure, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 1 (2.1) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (3.5) | ns |
| Controls | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns |
| Hypertension, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 31 (64.6) | 101 (62.0) | 112 (64.7) | ns |
| Controls | 12 (16.4) | 21 (25.0) | 10 (37.0) | I–III |
| Laboratory analyses | ||||
| HbA1c, % | ||||
| Patients | 5.5 (0.9) | 6.0 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | I–II, I–III |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | ||||
| Patients | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | I–II, I–III |
| Controls | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.9) | ns |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | ||||
| Patients | 106.2 (53.1) | 150.4 (79.6) | 168.1 (79.6) | I–II, I–III |
| Controls | 115.0 (141.6) | 123.9 (53.1) | 141.6 (79.7) | ns |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | ||||
| Patients | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.6) | ns |
| Controls | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.5 (1.0) | ns |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | ||||
| Patients | 104.4 (27.1) | 104.4 (30.9) | 96.7 (23.2) | ns |
| Controls | 135.3 (30.9) | 131.5 (34.8) | 135.3 (38.7) | ns |
| Microalbuminuria, n (%) | ||||
| Patients | 3 (6.2) | 27 (16.6) | 30 (17.3) | ns |
| Controls | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (11.1) | ns |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | ||||
| Patients | 89.4 (12.8) | 89.6 (18.1) | 87.4 (15.8) | ns |
| Controls | 73.3 (11.4) | 80.6 (14.4) | 85.9 (19.5) | I–II, I–III |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | ||||
| Patients | 1.01 (0.14) | 1.01 (0.20) | 0.99 (0.18) | ns |
| Controls | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.91 (0.16) | 0.97 (0.22) | I–II, I–III |
| GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| Patients | 69.9 (8.9) | 73.3 (17.1) | 72.8 (16.4) | ns |
| Controls | 80.0 (13.8) | 76.9 (14.5) | 72.9 (16.3) | ns |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| Patients | 132 (19) | 138 (15) | 138 (17) | I–III |
| Controls | 124 (18) | 129 (18) | 139 (13) | I–III |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| Patients | 76 (8) | 79 (9) | 77 (8) | ns |
| Controls | 71 (9) | 76 (11) | 80 (8) | I–II, I–III |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LA, mm/m2 | ||||
| Patients | 20.2 (2.3) | 20.5 (2.3) | 20.4 (2.3) | ns |
| Controls | 20.9 (2.5) | 20.5 (4.0) | 19.6 (3.0) | ns |
| LVEDV, mL/m2 | ||||
| Patients | 50.2 (9.2) | 48.9 (9.4) | 46.6 (13.0) | ns |
| Controls | 50.2 (9.2) | 48.9 (9.4) | 46.6 (9.9) | ns |
| LV mass, g/m2 | ||||
| Patients | 96.7 (20.6) | 102.0 (22.5) | 107.1 (26.4) | I–III |
| Controls | 89.9 (16.9) | 100.3 (22.9) | 101.5 (32.4) | I–II |
| LVEF, % | ||||
| Patients | 57 (8) | 53 (8) | 49 (9) | I–II, I–III, II–III |
| Controls | 58 (6) | 55 (7) | 54 (8) | I–II, I–III |
| MAPSE, mm | ||||
| Patients | 13 (2) | 12 (2) | 12 (2) | I–II, I–III |
| Controls | 13 (2) | 12 (2) | 12 (2) | ns |
| GLS, % | ||||
| Patients | − 18.6 (2.3) | − 17.5 (2.3) | − 16.2 (3.0) | I–II, I–III, II–III |
| Controls | − 22.3 (3.0) | − 20.8 (3.1) | − 19.6 (4.0) | I–II, I–III |
| E/é | ||||
| Patients | 11.9 (3.2) | 14.0 (3.8) | 14.7 (3.8) | I–II, I–III, II–III |
| Controls | 10.3 (2.7) | 11.3 (3.7) | 12.5 (4.0) | I–III |