Fig. 2.

Inhibition of CaMKKβ by drug or siRNA downregulated the activity of AMPK and autophagy. a DEF cells were infected with DEV at a MOI of 1 in the presence or absence of STO-609 (10 μM) for 36 hpi. Proteins extracted from cells treated with STO-609 and blotted with antibodies against CaMKKβ, p-AMPK, AMPK, LC3, β-actin and gB. b DEF cells were infected with DEV (MOI = 1) in the presence of siRNA targeting CaMKKβ (siCaMKKβ) for the indicated time points. Whole cell lysates at 36 hpi were subjected to western blot analysis. Representative images of immunoblots of target proteins extracted from cells treated with siCaMKKβ and blotted with antibodies against CaMKKβ, p-AMPK, AMPK, LC3, and β-actin. c Representative confocal images of DEV-infected DEF cells with or without siCaMKKβ treatment. GFP-LC3 puncta were analyzed. d, e Viral titer (TCID₅₀) at 48 hpi. All statistical data are reported as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (ns, p > 0.05; *p < 0.05; and **p < 0.01)