Table 1.
Demographic characteristics in a longitudinal cohort of 287 children, by child HIV status, from Lusaka, Zambia, 2009–2012
| Characteristic* | Whole cohort | Children without HIV | Children with HIV | P† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 287) No. (%) | (n = 196) No. (%) | (n = 91) No. (%) | ||
| Age at enrollment, mo (range) | 7 (5–11) | 6 (4–9) | 10 (6–12) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 136 (47.4) | 91 (46.4) | 45 (49.5) | .63 |
| Male | 151 (52.6) | 105 (53.6) | 46 (50.5) | |
| Household members, no. | ||||
| ≤3 | 47 (16.4) | 29 (14.8) | 18 (19.8) | .48 |
| 4–5 | 148 (51.5) | 101 (51.5) | 47 (51.6) | |
| ≥6 | 92 (32.1) | 66 (33.7) | 26 (28.6) | |
| Monthly household income | ||||
| ≤$30 | 72 (25.1) | 38 (19.4) | 34 (37.4) | <.001 |
| >$30 | 202 (70.4) | 152 (77.5) | 50 (54.9) | |
| Unknown | 13 (4.5) | 6 (3.1) | 7 (7.7) | |
| Mother employment | ||||
| Unemployed | 193 (67.2) | 124 (63.3) | 69 (75.8) | .04 |
| Employed | 94 (32.8) | 72 (36.7) | 22 (24.2) | |
| Mother education | ||||
| 0–7 y | 172 (59.9) | 117 (59.7) | 55 (60.4) | .90 |
| ≥8 y | 115 (40.1) | 79 (40.3) | 36 (39.6) | |
| Mother breastfeeding‡ | ||||
| Never | 14 (4.9) | 11 (5.6) | 3 (3.3) | .56 |
| Ever | 273 (95.1) | 185 (94.4) | 88 (96.7) | |
| Months of breastfeeding (range) | 7.8 (5.2–11.8) | 6.8 (5.0–10.1) | 11 (6.3–14.1) | <.001 |
| Mother ART | ||||
| Never | 126 (43.9) | 62 (31.6) | 64 (70.3) | <.001 |
| Ever | 161 (56.1) | 134 (68.4) | 27 (29.7) | |
| Mother start ARTठ| ||||
| Before pregnancy | 95 (33.1) | 87 (44.4) | 8 (8.8) | <.001 |
| During pregnancy | 34 (11.8) | 31 (15.8) | 3 (3.3) | |
| After pregnancy | 32 (11.1) | 16 (8.2) | 16 (17.6) | |
| Months mother on ART§ (range) | 17 (8–36) | 24 (9–48) | 7 (4–10) | <.001 |
* Continuous variables are represented as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as count (percentages). ART = antiretroviral therapy; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.
† Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical data, except where noted. All tests were two-sided.
‡ Fisher’s exact test used. All tests were two-sided.
§ n = 161 (only mothers with history of ART).