Table 3.
Effect of the interventions on body weight and on serum sex hormones levels
| Name, duration | Baseline valuea | Postinterventiona | Within-group difference (%) | Between-group differenceb | Between-group differenceb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) or BMIc | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015, 16 weeks | |||||
| Exercise + diet (Ex+WL) | 80.4 | 74.9 | −5.5 | −5.58 (−6.32 to −4.84) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet (WL) | 80.3 | 75.4 | −4.9 | − 4.95 (−5.69 to −4.21) | −0.63 (−1.23 to −0.04) |
| Control | 80.4 | 80.4 | 0.1 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012, 12 months | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 82.5 | 72.7 | −9.8 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.1 |
| Exercise | 83.7 | 80.9 | −2.8 | P = 0.02 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 84.0 | 74.9 | −9.1 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P < 0.001 |
| Control | 84.2 | 83.7 | −0.5 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010, 12 months | |||||
| Exercise | −2.3 | −1.80 (−2.60 to −1.00) | |||
| Control | −0.5 | Referent | |||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009, 12 months | |||||
| Exercise | 73.6 | 72.2 | −1.4 | N/A | |
| Control | 74.8 | 74.0 | −0.8 | ||
| Orsatti et al. [25], 2008, BMI, 16 weeks | |||||
| Exercise | 28.8c | 29.6c | 0.6c | P = 0.57 | |
| Control | 27.6c | 27.1c | −0.5c | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004, 12 months | |||||
| Exercise | 81.6 | 80.3 | −1.6 | P = 0.1 | |
| Control | 81.7 | 81.8 | 0.1 | Referent | |
| Total estradiol (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 3.69 | 3.22 | −12.7 | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 4.20 | 3.62 | −13.8 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) |
| Control | 3.89 | 4.01 | 3.11 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 11.5 | 9.2 | −20.3 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.07 |
| Exercise | 11.5 | 11.0 | −4.9 | P = 0.1 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 11.6 | 9.7 | −16.2 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P = 0.002 |
| Control | 10.9 | 11.4 | 4.9 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 10.1 | 8.7 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | ||
| Control | 10.2 | 9.9 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 8.8 | 8.1 | −7.3 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | |
| Control | 9.8 | 8.8 | −10.2 | Referent | |
| Orsatti et al. [25], 2008 | |||||
| Exercise | 21.5 | 23.2 | P = 0.56 | ||
| Control | 25.1 | 27.4 | Referent | ||
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 18.3 | 17.5 | −4.4 | P = 0.32 | |
| Control | 17.9 | 17.8 | −0.6 | Referent | |
| Estrone (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 19.9 | 18.5 | −6.67 | 0.92 (0.82:1.02) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 20.4 | 20.1 | −1.26 | 0.98 (0.88:1.08) | 0.94 (0.86:1.02) |
| Control | 20.1 | 20.4 | 3.11 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 33.9 | 30.2 | −11.1 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.17 |
| Exercise | 34.8 | 32.9 | −5.5 | P < 0.01 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.1 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 35.2 | 31.8 | −9.6 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P = 0.3 |
| Control | 32.0 | 34.6 | 8.1 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | 31.4 | 29.4 | |||
| Exercise | 31.3 | 30.6 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | ||
| Control | Referent | ||||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 30.6 | 27.6 | −9.7 | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | |
| Control | 28.0 | 27.3 | −3.4 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 44.2 | 42.5 | −1.8 | P = 0.13 | |
| Control | 43.9 | 45.4 | 3.9 | Referent | |
| Free estradiol (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 0.09 | 0.07 | −19.1 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 0.10 | 0.08 | −17.7 | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) | 0.96 (0.85–1.02) |
| Control | 0.09 | 0.10 | 3.23 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 0.32 | 0.23 | −26 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.06 |
| Exercise | 0.30 | 0.29 | −4.7 | P = 0.08 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 0.31 | 0.24 | −21.4 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P < 0 .001 |
| Control | 0.30 | 0.33 | 6.3 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | ||
| Control | 0.25 | 0.24 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 0.22 | 0.21 | −7.3 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | |
| Control | 0.25 | 0.23 | −10.2 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 0.49 | 0.46 | −6.2 | P = 0.2 | |
| Control | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.0 | Referent | |
| Testosterone (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 186 | 172 | −7.63 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 197 | 189 | −3.76 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02)) |
| Control | 194 | 186 | 4.07 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 239 | 225 | −5.9 | P = 0.02 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.07 |
| Exercise | 248 | 236 | −4.9 | P = 0.24 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.24 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 239 | 236 | −0.9 | P = 0.4 | Ex vs WL, P = 0.67 |
| Control | 228 | 232 | 1.8 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 239 | 234 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | ||
| Control | 231 | 237 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 528 | 507 | −4.0 | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | |
| Control | 535 | 526 | −1.6 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 211 | 208 | P = 0.94 | ||
| Control | 223 | 218 | Referent | ||
| Androstenedione (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 573 | 488 | −14.7 | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 562 | 537 | −4.5 | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
| Control | 575 | 560 | −2.6 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 526 | 508 | −3.5 | P = 0.22 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.26 |
| Exercise | 502 | 496 | −1.2 | P = 0.75 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P = 0.25 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 511 | 518 | 1.4 | P = 0.83 | Ex vs WL, P = 0.93 |
| Control | 487 | 494 | 1.5 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 578 | 572 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||
| Control | 553 | 577 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 1146 | 1115 | −2.7 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | |
| Control | 1172 | 1199 | 2.3 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 533 | 480 | P = 0.89 | ||
| Control | 585 | 525 | Referent | ||
| Free testosterone (pg/ml) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 2.44 | 2.01 | −17.7 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 2.53 | 2.25 | −11.2 | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) |
| Control | 2.71 | 2.61 | −3.9 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 5.3 | 4.5 | −15.6 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.02 |
| Exercise | 5.1 | 4.9 | −4.5 | P = 0.2 | Ex+WL vs Ex, P < 0.001 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 5.1 | 4.6 | −10.0 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P = 0.02 |
| Control | 4.9 | 5.1 | 2.6 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | ||
| Control | 3.5 | 3.5 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 8.7 | 8.5 | −2.9 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | |
| Control | 8.7 | 8.5 | −1.8 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 4.6 | 4.3 | P = 0.42 | ||
| Control | 4.7 | 4.6 | Referent | ||
| SHBG (nmol/l) | |||||
| SHAPE-2 [18], 2015 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 49.3 | 58.6 | 19.0 | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | Ex+WL vs WL |
| Reduced calorie diet | 50.7 | 57.1 | 12.6 | 1.14 (1.07–1.23) | 1.05 (1.00–1.12) |
| Control | 44.2 | 44.0 | −0.30 | Referent | |
| NEW trial [17], 2012 | |||||
| Exercise + diet | 34.1 | 42.9 | 25.8 | P < 0.001 | Ex+WL vs WL, P = 0.41 |
| Exercise | 39.1 | 38.8 | 0.7 | P = 0.41 | Ex+WL, vs Ex P < 0.001 |
| Reduced calorie diet | 35.8 | 43.8 | 22.4 | P < 0.001 | Ex vs WL, P < 0.001 |
| Control | 34.7 | 33.7 | −2.7 | Referent | |
| ALPHA trial [24], 2010 | |||||
| Exercise | 40.3 | 41.9 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | ||
| Control | 38.1 | 38.4 | Referent | ||
| SHAPE-1 [3], 2009 | |||||
| Exercise | 33.9 | 33.6 | −0.7 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | |
| Control | 34.7 | 33.6 | −3.3 | Referent | |
| PATH trial [22, 23], 2004 | |||||
| Exercise | 35.2 | 38.3 | 8.8 | P = 0.10 | |
| Control | 35.8 | 36.7 | 2.5 | Referent | |
ALPHA Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer, NEW Nutrition and Exercise for Woman, PATH Physical Activity for Total Health, SHAPE Sex Hormone and Physical Exercise, SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
aGeometric means reported
bValues are given as either treatment effect ratios (95% confidence intervals) or as P values
cBody mass index (BMI) was reported when bodyweight was not available