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. 2018 Aug 2;15:218. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1238-x

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Fibronectin aggregates, but not plasma fibronectin, induce iNOS expression by bone marrow-derived macrophages. Microglia (c) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs, a, b, d) were left unstimulated (ctrl), cultured on plasma fibronectin (pFn) or fibronectin aggregates (aFn), or treated with interferon-γ (IFNγ) or interleukin-4 (IL-4). Then, the expression of iNOS (a, b) and nitric oxide (NO) levels (c, d), markers for classically activated microglia and BMDMs, were analyzed as described in materials and methods. Note that aFn, but not pFn, increased both iNOS (a, b, n = 4–5), along with an increased NO release (c, d, n = 5–12). Bars represent mean values of each condition relative to control cells (set at 1 for each independent experiment, horizontal line). Error bars show the standard error of the mean. Statistical analyses were performed using the one-sample t test when compared to control (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). A student t test was performed to compare pFn with aFn (^#p < 0.05)