. 2018 Aug 3;22:188. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2112-z

Table 2.

Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without sepsis, stratified by AKIN stage

	Sepsis				No sepsis
	No AKI	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	No AKI	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Temperature, n (%)
< 36 °C	14 (2.3)	19 (3.4)	7 (3.3)	38 (7.4)^a	59 (2.3)	51 (2.6)	21 (3.4)	69 (8.8)^a
36–38 °C	415 (67.4)^b	365 (64.7)^b	167 (77.7)^b	341 (66.0)^b	2033 (80.5)	1654 (84.9)^a	522 (84.2)^a	600 (76.4)^a
> 38 °C	187 (30.4)^b	180 (31.9)^b	41 (19.1)^ab	138 (26.7)^b	432 (17.1)	243 (12.5)^a	77 (12.4)^a	116 (14.8)
Leucocytes, n (%)
< 4 × 10⁹/L	28 (4.6)	22 (3.9)^b	14 (6.4)^b	26 (5.0)^b	79 (3.3)	37 (2.0)	12 (2.0)	18 (2.3)
4–12 × 10⁹/L	247 (40.7)^b	203 (35.7)^b	73 (33.5)^b	157 (30.5)^ab	1122 (46.4)	925 (49.6)^a	288 (49.0)	323 (41.8)^a
> 12 × 10⁹/L	332 (54.7)^b	343 (60.4)^b	131 (60.1)^b	332 (64.5)^ab	1215 (50.3)	904 (48.4)	288 (49.0)	432 (55.9)^a
Heart rate (bpm), mean (SD)	112.5 (24.0)^b	116.1 (26.2)^ab	111.9 (25.7)^b	118.5 (26.6)^ab	104.1 (23.0)	102.3 (23.2)	102.6 (24.5)	106.4 (26.9)^a
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)	98.4 (18.6)	97.5 (17.8)	92.1 (17.7)^ab	91.2 (19.8)^a	100.3 (19.4)	98.4 (19.0)^a	98.1 (21.0)^a	94.1 (21.7)^a
Respiratory rate (bpm), mean (SD)	25.9 (8.7)^b	26.6 (9.3)^b	25.4 (8.8)	26.7 (9.0)^b	24.2 (7.9)	23.9 (7.6)	24.9 (8.2)	24.7 (8.3)
Patients on ventilator, n (%)	434 (69.1)^b	396 (68.9)^b	150 (68.5)^b	378 (72.1)^b	1089 (41.6)	818 (41.4)	249 (39.7)	364 (45.2)^a
Blood parameters
FiO₂, mean (SD)	59.2 (24.9)^b	63.9 (25.9)^ab	63.4 (27.6)^ab	68.1 (26.9)^ab	48.2 (24.4)	48.6 (24.2)	49.2 (25.7)	56.4 (28.7)
PaO₂ (mmHg), mean (SD)	141.2 (72.6)	141.2 (77.8)	138.3 (75.0)	142.2 (81.6)	147.4 (77.5)	143.4 (77.6)	134.3 (75.2)^a	138.1 (86.3)^a
PaCO₂ (mmHg), mean (SD)	45.5 (18.4)^b	44.8 (19.4)^b	44.5 (18.2)	44.5 (18.8)^b	42.0 (15.0)	42.3 (15.6)	43.3 (17.2)	41.3 (17.9)
Bicarbonate (mmol/L), mean (SD)	25.3 (6.2)	24.2 (5.5)	23.6 (6.4)^a	21.6 (6.3)^a	24.5 (5.2)	24.1 (4.8)^a	23.6 (5.4)^a	21.9 (6.3)^a
Arterial pH, mean (SD)	7.4 (0.1)	7.4 (0.1)	7.4 (0.1)	7.3 (0.1)	7.4 (0.1)	7.4 (0.1)	7.4 (0.1)	7.3 (0.1)
Creatinine (mg/dl), mean (SD)	1.4 (1.6)^b	1.5 (1.6)^b	1.6 (1.5)	3.2 (3.5)^ab	1.1 (1.4)	1.3 (1.5)	1.4 (1.8)^a	2.6 (3.3)^a
Potassium (mmol/L), mean (SD)	4.2 (0.7)	4.3 (0.7)^a	4.4 (0.8)^a	4.8 (1.1)^ab	4.2 (0.7)	4.3 (0.7)^a	4.3 (0.7)^a	4.6 (1.0)^a
Sodium (mmol/L), mean (SD)	140.1 (7.2)	140.6 (6.8)^b	140.3 (5.9)^b	139.8 (6.8)	139.7 (5.9)	139.6 (5.7)	139.2 (5.9)	139.4 (6.8)
Urea (mmol/L), median (IQR)	0.6 (0.1–35.0)	5.0 (0.1–39.0)	4.6 (0.1–35.0)	21.0 (0.2–73.0)^ab	13.0 (0.1–31.0)	16.0 (0.1–37.0)	17.0 (0.1–36.0)	15.0 (0.2–44.0)
Haematocrit (L/L), median (IQR)	33.2 (28.9–38.4)	33.7 (28.5–38.8)	33.0 (28.0–38.0)	32.5 (27.1–37.7)	35.2 (30.0–40.0)	35.6 (30.2–40.6)	36.0 (30.0–41.0)	34.5 (29.0–40.0)
Bilirubin (mg/dl), median (IQR)	0.9 (0.5–2.0)	0.9 (0.5–2.0)	1.1 (0.5–3.0)	1.3 (0.6–3.6)	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	0.8 (0.5–1.4)	0.8 (0.5–1.5)	0.9 (0.5–2.3)
Noradrenaline infusion rate (μg/kg/min), median (IQR)	0.0 (0.0–0.2)	0.0 (0.0–0.2)	0.1 (0.0–0.3)^ab	0.1 (0.0–0.5)^ab	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0.0 (0.0–0.0)
Inotropic score, median (IQR)	0 (0–19)^b	0 (0–20)^b	9 (0–37)^ab	13 (0–60)^ab	0 (0–0)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–0)	0.0 (0–10)
Urine output (ml/24 h), median (IQR)	2500 (2000–3280)	1376 (1100–1700)^a	750 (600–1000) ^a	355 (120–906)^a	2500 (2000–3250)	1350 (1100–1666)^a	750 (600–953)^a	350 (138–648)^a

AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network, AKI acute kidney injury, SD standard deviation, n number of patients, FiO₂fraction of inspired oxygen, PaO₂ partial pressure arterial oxygen, PaCO₂ partial pressure arterial carbon dioxide, IQR interquartile range

^aSignificant at 5% level vs No AKI in the same group (sepsis or no sepsis)

^bSignificant at 5% level vs no sepsis patients with the same AKIN stage