Table 2.
Psychosocial factors, quality of life, illness and risk factor perception in coronary patients with normal blood glucose, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
| Study factors | Normal blood glucose | Prediabetes | Type 2 diabetes | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 356, 32.4%) | (n = 484,44.1) | (n = 243, 22.4%) | Prediabetes vs. normal blood glucose | Type 2 diabetes vs. prediabetes | |
| Psychosocial factors and quality of life | |||||
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score-Anxiety ≥8, n (%) | 66 (19.2) | 99 (21.5) | 53 (22.9) | NS | NS |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score-Depression ≥8, n (%) | 49 (14.0) | 62 (13.3) | 40 (17.2) | NS | NS |
| Type D personality disorder, n (%) | 62 (17.4) | 82 (16.9) | 44 (18.7) | NS | NS |
| Worry score (Penn State Worry Questionnaire), mean (SD) | 37.8 (12.4) | 38.0 (13.0) | 38.9 (12.5) | NS | NS |
| Insomnia, n (%)a | 157 (44.1) | 186 (38.4) | 124 (54.1) | NS | *** |
| Quality of life (SF-12), physical component summary, mean (SD) | 39.0 (4.7) | 38.3 (4.6) | 37.9 (5.1) | * | NS |
| Quality of life (SF-12), mental component summary, mean (SD) | 45.9 (6.1) | 46.5 (6.4) | 45.0 (6.8) | NS | ** |
| Illness and risk factor perception (1–10 Likert scale), mean (SD) | |||||
| What do you feel is the likelihood of having a new heart attack over the next 12 months? | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.7 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.6) | NS | NS |
| How much do you feel you can help reduce your risk of having another heart attack? | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.8) | 6.1 (2.8) | NS | * |
| How much do you think you will have to restrict your activities in the long-term due to your heart condition? | 3.0 (2.7) | 3.3 (2.7) | 4.1 (2.9) | NS | *** |
| Brief Illness Perception (1–10 Likert scale), mean (SD) | |||||
| How much does your illness affect your life? (consequences) | 3.6 (2.8) | 3.6 (2.8) | 4.3 (2.9) | NS | ** |
| How long do you think your illness will continue? (timeline) | 7.7 (3.3) | 7.6 (3.3) | 7.9 (3.0) | NS | NS |
| How much control do you feel you have over your illness? (personal control) | 5.9 (2.8) | 5.9 (2.9) | 5.9 (2.7) | NS | NS |
| How much do you think your treatment can help you? (treatment control) | 7.3 (2.3) | 7.4 (2.4) | 7.2 (2.4) | NS | NS |
| How much do you experience symptoms from your illness? (identity) | 3.0 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.7) | 4.0 (2.9) | NS | *** |
| How concerned are you about your illness? (concern) | 3.5 (2.8) | 3.6 (3.0) | 4.0 (3.1) | NS | NS |
| How well do you feel you understand your illness? (understanding) | 6.9 (2.6) | 7.0 (2.6) | 6.7 (2.5) | NS | NS |
| How much does your illness affect you emotionally? (emotional response) | 3.4 (3.0) | 3.4 (3.0) | 4.0 (3.0) | NS | * |
SD standard deviation, NS; not significant, SF short form*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
aInsomnia (Bergen insomnia scale): a 7 -item self-report inventory designed to assess primary insomnia