TABLE 1.

Characteristics of restrained patients (n = 132) and type of restraint.

Characteristics	N (%)
Age in years, Mean (s.d.)	49 (20.5)
Gender
Male	71 (53.8)
Female	61 (46.2)
Age
< 45 years	56 (42.4)
45–59 years	34 (25.8)
≥ 60 years	42 (31.8)
Main diagnosis
Central nervous system disorder	53 (40.0)
Brain trauma	22 (42.0)
Stroke	20 (38.0)
Meningitis or encephalitis	8 (15.0)
Cord and peripheral CNS	3 (5.7)
Cardiac disease	17 (12.9)
Gait disorder	10 (7.6)
Respiratory infection	9 (6.8)
Renal failure	6 (4.5)
Other infection	9 (6.8)
Other trauma	9 (6.8)
Diabetes mellitus	8 (6.1)
Type of restraint (multiple restraints use; percentages exceed 100%)
Bed rails	123 (93.2)
Wrist straps	16 (12.1)
Bedding	6 (4.5)
Other	10 (7.6)
Indication for restraint
Confused	32 (24.2)
Agitation	32 (24.2)
Violent or disruptive	11 (0.8)
Other	11 (0.8)
Not stated	66 (50)

Source: Authors’ own work

s.d., standard deviation; CNS, central nervous system. Unless otherwise stated, data represent number (N) and percentage (%).