Table 1.
Participant Characteristics, Auditory Stimuli that Induced Behavioural problems, Behaviour after sounds, and Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) Scores.
| Participants | Sex | Age (y) | Intelligence | Auditory stimuli that induce behaviour problems | Behaviours after sounds | GAS scores |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st period |
2nd period |
3rd period |
||||||
| Control period | Use of earmuff or NC headphones | |||||||
| Case A | Female | 13 | Normal | Many voices of other students | The child becomes nervous and aggressive | -1 | -1 | 0 |
| Loud music | The child becomes nervous and aggressive | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Grinding sound of sharpening a pencil | The child becomes nervous and aggressive | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Case B | Male | 11 | Normal | High-pitched voices of girls | The child covers his ears with his hands | -1 | -1 | 0 |
| Sounds from a television | The child covers his ears with his hands | -1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sounds of construction work | The child covers his ears with his hands | -1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sound of an electric sharpener | The child covers his ears with his hands | -1 | -1 | -1 | ||||
| Case C | Male | 8 | Severe | Sound of a motorcycle engine | The child covers his ears with his hands | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Sounds of sirens | The child squats, groans, and covers his ears with his hands | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Names of certain persons | The child hates hearing the name of a certain person. He cries and runs away | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sound of the engine of big trucks | The child covers his ears with his hands | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Case D | Male | 7 | Severe | Sound of a chime | The child flurries, bites his fingers, and talks furiously | -1 | 2 | 2 |
| Sounds of thunder, rain, and storm | The child flurries and runs around. | -1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| He becomes pessimistic. | ||||||||
| Singing voice of another person | The child flutters and disturbs | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sound of a siren | The child withdraws to his room | -1 | 1 | - | ||||
| Case E | Male | 7 | Normal | Sounds of construction machines | The child covers his ears with his hands | 1 | 0 | |
| Sounds of dental treatment machines | The child covers his ears with his hands | -1 | - | - | ||||
| Sound of dance music used during physical education and musical instruments | The child covers his ears with his hands | 0 | 1 | |||||
| Barking of dogs | The child covers his ears with his hands | 0 | - | -1 | ||||
| Case F | Male | 4 | Mild | High-pitched voices of children | The child complains by yelling | -1 | 2 | -2 |
| Loud conversation voices | The child says, “Shut up!” | -1 | 1 | - | ||||
| Case G | Female | 4 | Normal | Sounds of an engine, slamming doors, construction work, high-pitched metallic sounds, drums, cymbals, fireworks, whistles, and a child's screaming | The child covers her ears with her hands, cries, or stands motionlessly | -1 | 1 | 0 |
| Case H | Male | 9 | Normal | Noise of a crowd | The child lingers close to his mother or becomes absentminded | -1 | 0 | -1 |
| Children's voices outside his house | The child stops the ongoing activity and hides | -1 | 1 | -1 | ||||
| Father's voice | The child screams in order to deaden his father's voice. If the father does not stop talking, the child has a & of rage | -1 | 2 | -1 | ||||
| Sound of the toilet flush | The child avoids using the toilet or hits family members who flush the toilet | -1 | 1 | |||||
| Case I | Female | 11 | Normal | Sound of a spray | The child expresses disgust or irritation | -2 | 1 | -1 |
| Sounds of scratching, writing on, and erasing the blackboard | The child's face becomes tense | -1 | 1 | -1 | ||||
| Classroom noise | The child's face shows displeasure | -1 | 0 | -1 | ||||
| Sounds of a drum, starter pistol, or cracker | The child covers her ears with her hands | -1 | 0 | -1 | ||||
| Sounds of motorcycles | The child covers her ears with her hands | -1 | 0 | -1 | ||||
| Case J | Male | 7 | Most severe | Sound of a baby crying | The child runs away shouting “Ah!” Sometimes, he hits people around him | -1 | - | - |
| Noisy crowded place (such as a hotel lobby) | The child cries and runs around | -1 | -1 | |||||
| Scolding with a loud voice | The child looks like he is angry, anxious, or is going to cry. Sometimes, he throws objects | -1 | -1 | |||||
| Crowing of a cock | The child runs away shouting “Ah!” | -1 | —- | —- | ||||
| Case K | Male | 4 | Mild | Sounds of a starter pistol or fireworks (also in a movie or story) | The child screams and has a & of rage | —-1 | -1 | -1 |
| Case L | Male | 15 | Normal | Sound effects before presenting an answer in a television quiz program | The child covers his ears with his hands and moves away from the television | —-1 | Refusal | 0 |
| Just before a character was scolded by his/her parent in an animation program | The child covers his ears with his hands and changes the channel | -1 | Refusal | |||||
| Commercial music in the department store or supermarket | The child covers his ears with his hands or says unrelated things (to himself) | —-1 | Refusal | 0 | ||||
| Case M | Male | 8 | Severe | Older sister's screaming | The child cries and runs away covering his ears. The child bites or hits his older sister | —-1 | -1 | Discontinuation |
| Loud sound in the large hall | The child covers his ears with his hands and freezes or runs away | -1 | 0 | |||||
| Music or sound of a jet towel | The child cannot enter the bathroom or leaves from there | -1 | ||||||
| Case N | Male | 7 | Most severe | Sneeze | After crying, the child becomes aggressive | 0 | -1 | Discontinuation |
| Sound of a motorcycle engine | The child cries and rolls around on the floor | 2 | ||||||
| Sound of sniffling | The child becomes aggressive and hits those around him | 2 | ||||||
| Noise in an assembly hall | The child cries and angrily wishes to leave the hall | 2 | 0 | |||||
| Sound of a baby crying | The child grabs anyone standing nearby | —- | -2 | |||||
| Music with a quick tempo | The child growls | —- | -1 | |||||
| Case 0 | Male | 8 | Normal | Other children's voice in the classroom | The child covers his ears with his hands | 0 | -1 | Discontinuation |
| Sound of alarm bell | The child covers his ears with his hands or leaves the place | — | — | |||||
| Case P | Male | 8 | Normal | Sound of thunder | The child shudders, covers his ears with his hands, and clings to the teacher | — | — | Discontinuation |
| Loud voice when child was directed or scolded | The child hits his own face | 1 | 1 | |||||
| White noise on the television screen | The child freezes | -1 | 0 | |||||
| Sound occurring suddenly | The child freezes after being startled | -1 | — | |||||
| Case Q | Male | 8 | Normal | Other children's voice in the classroom | The child covers his ears with his hands | 0 | 2 | Discontinuation |
| Sound of alarm bell | The child covers his ears with his hands or leaves the place | -1 | 2 | |||||
Note. The bold numbers shows the GAS score during the use of an NC headphone. The italic numbers shows the GAS score during earmuff use. —: No opportunity.