Table 1.
Summary of the study details.
| Studies | Research design | Research objectives | Number of participants | Age (years) (range, mean) | Gender (number (male, female) | ) Outcome measures | Intervention | Intervention outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zylowska et al. (2008) | Quasi-experimental design: one group pre-post test | To test the practicability of an 8-week mind-fullness training program for adults and adolescents with ADHD | 32 (24 adults and 8 adolescents) | Adult:/, 48.5 Adolescent:/, 15.6 | 12, 20 | ADHD Rating Scale IV (for adults); SNAP-IV scale (for adolescents); Attention Network Test (ANT) | MAPs for ADHD: 8 weekly 2.5-h sessions of mindfulness training and daily at-home practice | Significant improvements in self-reported attention and measures of attentional conflict were found |
| Mitchell et al. (2013) | RCTs | To evaluate the preliminary value of a group-based mindfulness meditation training for ADHD adults | 20 | Control:/, 36.22 Intervention:/, 40.55 | 8, 12 | self-report and un-blinded clinician rating versions of the Current ADHD Symptoms Scale; ecological momentary assessment (EMA) completed via electronic diary | MAPs for ADHD: 8 weekly 2.5-h sessions of mindfulness training and daily at-home practice | Significant reduction of inattention symptom was found |
| Edel et al. (2017) | Quasi-experimental design: two group pre test post test design | To compare mindfulness-based training program and skills group training in reducing ADHD symptoms and improving mindfulness and self-efficacy | 91 | Mindfulness-based training group (MBTG):/33.8 Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)- oriented skills training group (STG):/, 36.7 | 55, 36 | WRI; four self-designed Likert-type scales | -DBT-oriented skills training: 13 weekly 2-h sessions - Mindfulness-based Training: 13 weekly 2-h sessions | Similar reduction of inattention symptom in both groups with the effect sizes were in the small-to-medium range; 30.8% of the MBTG participants and 11.5% of the STG participants had a decrease in inattention symptoms ≥ 30% |
| Schoenberg et al. (2014) | RCTs | To examine whether MBCT would enhance the ERP amplitudes indexing the performance biomarkers of adults with ADHD | 50 | Wait-list Control: 22–50, 33.9 Intervention: 19–53, 39.5a | 21, 23a | Conners' Adult ADHD Self-rating Scale (CAARS-S: SV) | MBCT adapted for individuals with ADHD: 12 weekly 3-h sessions of MBCT and at-home self-practice | Significant reduction of attention symptom was found |
| Hepark et al. (2015) | RCTs | To examine the effectiveness of mindfulness as a treatment for ADHD adults | 103 | Wait-list Control:/, 36.5 Intervention:/, 35.2 | 47, 56 | Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale Investigator Rating Version (CAARS-INV); Conners' Adult ADHD Self-rating Scale (CAARS-S: SV) | MBCT adapted for individuals with ADHD: 12 weekly session and 30-min home practice daily | Significant reduction of self-rated and investigator-rated inattention symptom were found |
| Bueno et al. (2015) | Quasi-experimental design: two group pre test post test design | To examine whether mindful awareness practices (MAP) can improve in QoL, attention and mood, in ADHD adult | 68 | Control:/, 31.7 Intervention:/, 31.2 | 30, 30bb | Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS); Attention/ Attentional Network Test (ANT); Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT II) | MAP for ADHD: 8 weekly 2.5-h sessions of group program and home practice | Significant improvement in sustained attention (ANT) and detectability (CPT II) were found |
| van der Weijer-Bergsma et al. (2012) | Quasi-experimental design: one group pre-post test | To evaluate the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for 11–15 years old ADHD adolescents and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents | 10 adolescents (19 parents) | 11–15, 13.4 | 5, 5 | Youth Self Report (YSR), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher Report Form (TRF), Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) | (Adopted from van der Oord et al.): 8 weekly 1.5-h group sessions and home practice; parallel 8 weekly MP training for their parents | Self-report as well as father- and teacher-report showed improvement in adolescent's attention; improvement in adolescent's actual performance on attention tests were also found |
| Haydicky et al. (2015) | Quasi-experimental design: one group pre-post test | To evaluate the effectiveness of an adaptation of a MBCT intervention for 13-18 years old with ADHD and their parents | 18 adolescents (17 parents) | 13–18, 15.5 | 13, 5 | Parent and Adolescent self-report of Conners—3rd Edition | MYmind (adopted from MBCT): 8 weekly 1.5-h group sessions and home practice; parallel 8 weekly training for their parents | Parent-report showed reduction in the adolescents' attention problems; however, adolescents did not report any improvements in attention after training |
| van der Oord et al. (2012) | Quasi-experimental design: waitlist control group | To evaluate the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for 8–12 years old ADHD children and parallel mindful parenting training for parents | 22 children (22 parents) | 8–12, 9.7 | 16, 6 | The parent and teacher version of the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale (DBDRS) | Adopted from MBCT and MBSR: 8 weekly 90-min group sessions and homework; parallel parent training | Parent-rating showed significant reduction in children's inattention from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test; teacher-rating showed reduction in children's inattention from pre-to post test only |
a
Six data were lost.
b
Eight data were lost.