Table 2.

Characterization of Exosomes from Solid Organ Transplants

Organ	Sample	Species	Condition	Exosome content	References
Lung	Serum, BALF	Human	Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)/acute rejection (AR)	Self-antigens (SAgs), Collagen V (Col-V) and Kα1 Tubulin (Kα1T), mismatched donor HLA,miR-92a [endothelial activation], miR-182 [inflammation], miR-142-5p [antibody-mediated rejection (AMR)/chronic rejection, and miR-155 [T cell activation]	[49]
Lung	serum	Human	BOS	Lung-associated SAgs, Ka1T and Col-V, MHC class II molecules, costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86, and transcription factors class II MHC trans-activator, NF-kB, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-a, IL-1R – associated kinase 1, MyD88, and 20S proteasome	[97]
Lung	BALF	Human	AR	RNA and miRNA related to many immune pathways	[76]
Kidney	Urine	Human	Delayed graft function	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin NGAL	[84]
Kidney	plasma	Human	AMR, cell-mediated rejection	mRNA transcripts of gene gp130, CCL4, TNFα, SH2D1B, CAV1, atypical chemokine receptor 1	[98]
Kidney	Urine	Human	Slow graft function and vascular damage.	graft-specific HLA class I antigens, CD 133	[99]
Kidney	Urine	Human	BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplant	bkv-miR-B1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-5p/miR-16	[100]
Liver	serum	Human	Hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation	miR-718	[101]
Islet	Plasma	Mice	Human islet transplant to mice	Donor islet HLA, islet endocrine hormone markers insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin	[102]
Heart	Cell supernatant	Mice	Heterotopic (abdomen) vascularized cardiac transplantation	Donor HLA, miR-155 and contain heat-shock proteins	[74]
Heart	Serum	Mice	Syngeneic cardiac transplant rejection	miRNA involved in inflammation (ie, miR-10a, miR-155, and miR-142-5p) and fibrosis (ie, miR-21, miR-31, and miR-133b). SAgs, Col-V and Kα1T	[87]
Heart	Plasma	Human	AMR	Donor specfic HLA I, Troponin I, Complement C4	[103]